Arthur D P Mak1, Sue Lee2, Nancy A Sampson2, Yesica Albor3, Jordi Alonso4,5,6, Randy P Auerbach7, Harald Baumeister8, Corina Benjet3, Ronny Bruffaerts9, Pim Cuijpers10, David D Ebert11, Raúl A Gutierrez-Garcia12, Penelope Hasking13, Coral Lapsley14, Christine Lochner15, Ronald C Kessler2. 1. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR. 2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 3. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico. 4. IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. 5. CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. 6. Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. 7. Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. 8. Ulm University, Germany. 9. Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (UPC-KUL), Campus Gasthuisberg, Belgium. 10. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 11. Technical University Munich, Germany. 12. De La Salle Bajio University, Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico. 13. Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia. 14. Ulster University, Derry, UK. 15. Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of ADHD and the association of comorbid disorders, and multivariate disorder classes with role impairment in college students. METHOD: About 15,991 freshmen (24 colleges, 9 countries, WMH-ICS) (response rate = 45.6%) completed online WMH-CIDI-SC surveys for 6-month ADHD and six 12-month DSM-IV disorders. We examined multivariate disorder classes using latent class analysis (LCA) and simulated a population attributable risk proportions (PARPs) of ADHD-related impairment. RESULTS: About 15.9% had ADHD, of which 58.4% had comorbidities. LCA classified ADHD respondents to pure (42.9%), internalizing (36.0%), bipolar comorbidities (11.3%), and externalizing disorder classes (9.8%). ADHD, comorbidities, and multivariate disorder classes independently predicted severe impairment. PARPs: eliminating ADHD hypothetically reduced severe impairment by 19.2%, 10.1% adjusted for comorbidities, 9.5% for multivariate disorder classes. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD and comorbid disorders are common and impairing in college students. Personalized transdiagnostic interventions guided by multivariate disorder classes should be explored.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of ADHD and the association of comorbid disorders, and multivariate disorder classes with role impairment in college students. METHOD: About 15,991 freshmen (24 colleges, 9 countries, WMH-ICS) (response rate = 45.6%) completed online WMH-CIDI-SC surveys for 6-month ADHD and six 12-month DSM-IV disorders. We examined multivariate disorder classes using latent class analysis (LCA) and simulated a population attributable risk proportions (PARPs) of ADHD-related impairment. RESULTS: About 15.9% had ADHD, of which 58.4% had comorbidities. LCA classified ADHD respondents to pure (42.9%), internalizing (36.0%), bipolar comorbidities (11.3%), and externalizing disorder classes (9.8%). ADHD, comorbidities, and multivariate disorder classes independently predicted severe impairment. PARPs: eliminating ADHD hypothetically reduced severe impairment by 19.2%, 10.1% adjusted for comorbidities, 9.5% for multivariate disorder classes. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD and comorbid disorders are common and impairing in college students. Personalized transdiagnostic interventions guided by multivariate disorder classes should be explored.
Entities:
Keywords:
ADHD; college students; epidemiology; mental disorder; role impairment
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