Benjamin Y Xu1, David S Friedman2, Paul J Foster3, Yu Jiang4, Natalia Porporato5, Anmol A Pardeshi6, Yuzhen Jiang4, Beatriz Munoz7, Tin Aung5, Mingguang He4. 1. Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: benjamin.xu@med.usc.edu. 2. Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts. 3. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom. 4. State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. 5. Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore. 6. Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. 7. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To assess baseline ocular biometric risk factors for progression from primary angle closure suspect (PACS) to primary angle closure (PAC) or acute angle closure (AAC). DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred forty-three mainland Chinese with untreated PACS. METHODS: Participants underwent baseline clinical examinations, including gonioscopy, anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) imaging, and A-scan ultrasound biometry as part of the Zhongshan Angle Closure Prevention (ZAP) Trial. Primary angle closure suspect was defined as an inability to visualize pigmented trabecular meshwork in 2 or more quadrants based on static gonioscopy. Primary angle closure was defined as development of intraocular pressure above 24 mmHg or peripheral anterior synechiae. Progression was defined as development of PAC or an AAC attack. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to assess biometric risk factors for progression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Six-year progression from PACS to PAC or AAC. RESULTS: Six hundred forty-three untreated eyes (609 nonprogressors, 34 progressors) of 643 participants were analyzed. In a multivariable model with continuous parameters, narrower horizontal angle opening distance of 500 μm from the scleral spur (AOD500; odds ratio [OR], 1.10 per 0.01-mm decrease; P = 0.03), flatter horizontal iris curvature (IC; OR, 1.96 per 0.1-mm decrease; P = 0.01), and older age (OR, 1.11 per 1-year increase; P = 0.01) at baseline were associated significantly with progression (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], 0.73). Smaller cumulative gonioscopy score was not associated with progression (OR, 1.03 per 1-modified Shaffer grade decrease; P = 0.85) when replacing horizontal AOD500 in the multivariable model. In a separate multivariable model with categorical parameters, participants in the lowest quartile of horizontal AOD500 (OR, 3.10; P = 0.002) and IC (OR, 2.48; P = 0.014) measurements and 59 years of age or older (OR, 2.68; P = 0.01) at baseline showed higher odds of progression (AUC, 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular biometric measurements can help to risk-stratify patients with early angle closure for more severe disease. Anterior segment OCT measurements of biometric parameters describing the angle and iris are predictive of progression from PACS to PAC or AAC, whereas gonioscopy grades are not.
PURPOSE: To assess baseline ocular biometric risk factors for progression from primary angle closure suspect (PACS) to primary angle closure (PAC) or acute angle closure (AAC). DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred forty-three mainland Chinese with untreated PACS. METHODS: Participants underwent baseline clinical examinations, including gonioscopy, anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) imaging, and A-scan ultrasound biometry as part of the Zhongshan Angle Closure Prevention (ZAP) Trial. Primary angle closure suspect was defined as an inability to visualize pigmented trabecular meshwork in 2 or more quadrants based on static gonioscopy. Primary angle closure was defined as development of intraocular pressure above 24 mmHg or peripheral anterior synechiae. Progression was defined as development of PAC or an AAC attack. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to assess biometric risk factors for progression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Six-year progression from PACS to PAC or AAC. RESULTS: Six hundred forty-three untreated eyes (609 nonprogressors, 34 progressors) of 643 participants were analyzed. In a multivariable model with continuous parameters, narrower horizontal angle opening distance of 500 μm from the scleral spur (AOD500; odds ratio [OR], 1.10 per 0.01-mm decrease; P = 0.03), flatter horizontal iris curvature (IC; OR, 1.96 per 0.1-mm decrease; P = 0.01), and older age (OR, 1.11 per 1-year increase; P = 0.01) at baseline were associated significantly with progression (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], 0.73). Smaller cumulative gonioscopy score was not associated with progression (OR, 1.03 per 1-modified Shaffer grade decrease; P = 0.85) when replacing horizontal AOD500 in the multivariable model. In a separate multivariable model with categorical parameters, participants in the lowest quartile of horizontal AOD500 (OR, 3.10; P = 0.002) and IC (OR, 2.48; P = 0.014) measurements and 59 years of age or older (OR, 2.68; P = 0.01) at baseline showed higher odds of progression (AUC, 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular biometric measurements can help to risk-stratify patients with early angle closure for more severe disease. Anterior segment OCT measurements of biometric parameters describing the angle and iris are predictive of progression from PACS to PAC or AAC, whereas gonioscopy grades are not.
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