Adiponectin alleviated renal cell apoptosis and inflammation via inactivation of JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway in an acute pyelonephritis mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Acute pyelonephritis (APN), an acute and severe kidney infection, is usually treated with antibiotics. However, APN treatment has become increasingly challenging because of bacterial resistance. Adiponectin, an adipokine, has recently been reported to exhibit profound anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. However, the effect of adiponectin on the outcomes of APN treatment remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of adiponectin on APN and the mechanisms underlying these effects.
METHODS: Wild-type C57 mice and adiponectin-knockout (KO) mice were divided into 6 groups: the wild-type control group, the wild-type model group, the wild-type adiponectin intervention group, the KO control group, the KO model group, and the adiponectin-KO intervention group. We measured white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts (NC) using a multispecies hematology analyzer; tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels using colorimetry; and the protein levels of JAK2, STAT3, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, Bcl-2, and Bax in renal tissues using western blot analysis. Apoptotic cells were detected using the transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay.
RESULTS: Compared to the wild-type mice, the KO mice showed a more severe inflammatory response and kidney damage after Escherichia coli infection. After treatment with exogenous adiponectin injection, the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and kidney damage were partly alleviated. Adiponectin KO led to JAK2/STAT3 signaling activation, and exogenous adiponectin administration inactivated JAK2/STAT3 signaling in the APN model. APN can lead to an increase in the level of the protein Bax and a decrease in the level of the bcl-2 protein, thereby increasing apoptosis; this effect was inhibited by adiponectin.
CONCLUSIONS: Through use of a pyelonephritis mouse model, we demonstrated that adiponectin might alleviate renal cell apoptosis and inflammatory response by inactivating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. 2021 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common community-and hospital-acquired bacterial infections (1), and when the infection occurs in the upper urinary tract it causes acute pyelonephritis (APN), a life-threatening complication (2). The most common cause of APN is Escherichia coli infection (3). Typical clinical manifestations suggestive of pyelonephritis are fever (temperature >38 °C), chills, flank pain, and nausea or vomiting (4). Furthermore, APN often causes serious conditions, including urosepsis (5). Current therapy for APN is based on antibiotics, However, owing to the increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics, APN treatment is facing growing challenges (6). Therefore, it is important to develop a novel treatment for APN.

Numerous studies have shown that obesity increases the risk and degree of renal injury in patients with APN (7,8). Recent studies have indicated that a lower adiponectin (ADPN) level in obese patients is associated with their higher risk of APN (9). Adiponectin accounts for 0.01% of the total plasma proteins in humans; it is a hormone that is primarily secreted by adipose tissue (10-12). In clinical practice, the screening for ADPN deficiency normally is not required. A growing body of evidence suggests that ADPN suppresses cell death, inhibits inflammation, promotes cell survival, and protects cells against pathological events (13,14). However, the role of ADPN in the pathogenesis of APN has not barely investigated.

The JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway has been reported to regulate several biological processes, including cell survival, cell proliferation, and the cell cycle (15). In addition, it plays critical roles in apoptosis and inflammation (16). Recently, it was suggested that ADPN reduces apoptosis and inhibits inflammation via the JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway in hippocampal HT22 cells (17). Therefore, we hypothesized that ADPN might affect APN by reducing apoptosis and inflammation mediated by the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

In this study, we demonstrated that ADPN exhibited a renal protection and therapeutic potential for APN in the mouse model, which is commonly established by directly instilling E. coli into the bladder. The mechanisms by which ADPN protects the kidney from E. coli-induced injury may be due to its capability of reducing renal cell apoptosis and inflammatory responses mediated by the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. We present the following article in accordance with the ARRIVE reporting checklist (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-3325).

Methods

Primary reagent

Adiponectin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). E. coli (ATCC25922) was purchased from Shanghai Beinuo Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Animal preparation and experimental protocol

Female C57 [wild type (WT)] mice (24±4.3 g, 6–8 weeks old) were obtained from the Department of Laboratory Animal Unit of the Central South University, China. Female ADPN-knockout (KO) mice (KOCMP-11450-Adipoq-B6N-VA, 26±3.7 g, 6–8 weeks old) were purchased from Cyagen Biosciences Inc. (Guangzhou China). The Ethics Committee of Experimental Animal Management and Animal Welfare of Central South University reviewed and approved the study (NO: 201703526). All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with the National Institutes of Health’s Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. A protocol was prepared before the study without registration. All mice were housed in a standard environment at 25 °C and humidity of 50%, in a 12-h light/dark cycle with free access to water and food. The experiment operation has been described (18). Briefly, after anesthesia, WT mice or KO mice were infected with an intravesical inoculation of 0.05 mL of a freshly prepared solution containing 1×106 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL of E. coli (ATCC 25922) or 0.05 mL of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) through a soft polyethylene catheter. The catheter was withdrawn, and the mice were allowed feed and water ad libitum. Any mouse that was not successfully infected by E. coli using this procedure or died from 0 to 72 h after bacterial or PBS inoculation was excluded from statistical analysis. Ten animals per group were included for data analysis based on the sample size calculation as described in literature (19). The success of bacterial infection such as the sign of fever was assessed in a blinded manner by GD. In the WT control group, the WT model group, the KO control group, and the KO model group mice were subcutaneously injected with 10.0 mg/kg of sterile PBS every day for 3 consecutive days. In the KO ADPN intervention group and the WT ADPN intervention group, mice were injected subcutaneously with 10.0 mg/kg of ADPN every day for 3 consecutive days after intravesical bacteria injection. All mice were sacrificed on the third day after intravesical inoculation with bacteria or administration of PBS. Blood samples and renal tissues were collected for use.

Visceral index

The kidney was weighed, and the visceral index of the kidney was calculated using the following formula: viscera index = viscera weight (g)/mice weight (g) × 100%.

Hematological analysis

Blood was taken from the ophthalmic artery. The levels of white blood cells (WBC) and neutrophil counts (NC) in the blood were measured using a multispecies hematology analyzer (Sysmex XS-500i, Japan).

Assessment of renal injury indicators

Renal injury was indicated by the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr), The serum levels of BUN and SCr were tested using colorimetry assays (AU5800, Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA).

Serum cytokine detection

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations in serum were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Absorbance was measured using an ELISA plate reader at an optical density (OD) 650 nm.

Renal pathology score

Kidney tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histopathological observation. Briefly, kidney tissues were fixed in a 4% paraformaldehyde solution and then embedded in paraffin. 4-µm sections were stained in a hematoxylin solution for 4 minutes, and counterstained with eosin for 3 minutes. Inflammatory changes in each kidney were summed from semiquantitative scoring of 10 randomly selected fields in a blinded manner by YH. The following scoring system was used: 0, normal; 1, inflammation, indicated by leukocyte infiltrates, in any pelvic region; 2, parenchymal inflammation adjacent to the fornices; and 3, inflammation in cortex and medulla (6).

Transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay

TUNEL staining was conducted by with a TUNEL Kit (Yisheng Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Briefly, sections were permeabilized with 0.1% TritonX-100 for 2 minutes. TUNEL reaction mixture was added to the sections and incubated in a chamber at 37 °C for 1 hour. Then the coverslips were mounted onto the glass slides. The sections were kept away from light during the experiment. The apoptotic cells were indicated by strong and dense fluorescence staining as compared with background fluorescence. The number of apoptotic cells was counted using a fluorescence microscope (DX51, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

Western blot assay

Kidney tissues were lysed in lysis buffer (Beyotime, China). Proteins (20 µg) were separated by 10% SDSPAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane. After blocking, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against Bcl-2 (1:500, Abcam), Bax (1:500, Abcam), JAK2 (1:1,000, Abcam), p-JAK2 (1:500, Abcam), STAT3 (1:1,000, Abcam), p-STAT3 (1:500, Abcam), and anti-β-actin (1:3,000, Abcam). Subsequently, the membranes were incubated for 1 hour with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)—conjugated secondary antibodies [1:5,000 goat anti-rabbit immunoglobin G (IgG), or 1:3,000 goat anti-mouse IgG; Millipore]. Protein bands were detected using enhanced chemiluminescent reagents (Millipore). Each target protein was identified based on their molecular weight in the blotting.

Statistical analysis

All results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Comparisons among different groups were made using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test, or using the nonparametric rank sum test as appropriate. P value <0.05 was considered to be significant. All analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 6.0.

Results

ADPN reduced E. coli-induced renal injury in the APN model

Compared to the PBS injection, E. coli injection for inducing APN resulted in a significantly higher visceral index in mice (P<0.05; ), indicating that the APN model was successfully established. As shown in , the visceral index in the KO model group was higher than that in the WT model group (P<0.05; ). In addition, the visceral index was reduced after ADPN intervention (P<0.05). To further explore the protective effect of ADPN, SCr and BUN were detected in the blood. The results suggested that ADPN KO had no influence on the levels of SCr and BUN under normal conditions. The levels of BUN and SCr in the KO and WT groups were significantly increased after APN treatment (P<0.05; ). After treatment with ADPN, the levels of BUN and SCr were significantly decreased (P<0.05; ).

Figure 1

The effect of ADPN on kidney function and damage. The effect of ADPN on visceral index (A), and the level of BUN (B) and SCr (C) in blood were tested using colorimetry assays. The data are presented as mean ± SD (n=10). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, NS represents no significant difference. ADPN, adiponectin; WT, wild type; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; KO, knockout; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; SCr, serum creatinine; SD, standard deviation.

ADPN reduced E. coli-induced renal pathological injury score in the APN model

Furthermore, the renal pathological status was examined. As shown in and 2B, no inflammatory cells were observed in the kidney tissues of the WT control group and the KO control group. The tissues presented clear structures without degeneration, atrophy, or swelling. In the WT model group, the inflammatory cells were primarily concentrated in the renal medulla and the junction between the renal cortex and renal medulla, with fewer than 2 abscesses at a magnification of 200×. In contrast, the KO model group exhibited severe and extensive tissue damage, glomerular hemorrhage, presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, interstitial inflammation, and glomerular necrosis; the inflammatory cells penetrated the renal medulla and the renal cortex, with larger abscesses being present. After treatment with ADPN, the signs of kidney damage were alleviated. Subsequently, the kidney injury scores in the different groups were calculated, as presented in .

Figure 2

The effect of ADPN on renal pathological status and kidney injure score. The kidney gross histopathology of KO mice (A) and the kidney gross histopathology of WT mice (B). Representative kidney sections were stained with HE (×200 magnification & ×400 magnification). The changes of kidney injury score (C). The data are presented as mean ± SD (n=10). *P<0.05. ADPN, adiponectin; KO, knockout; WT, wild type; SD, standard deviation.

ADPN reduced E. coli-induced inflammation response in the APN model

Treatment with E. coli resulted in an increase in WBC count and NC in the WT and KO groups (P<0.05; ). Without treatment with E. coli, ADPN KO exerted no influence on the WBC count and NC (P>0.05; ). However, the ADPN KO led to a significant increase in the WBC count and NC in the APN model (P<0.05). Administration of ADPN significantly decreased the WBC count and NC induced by E. coli. Subsequently, the IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the plasma were measured using ELISA. In the APN model group, ADPN KO promoted the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α, and treatment with ADPN partly reduced the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α induced by E. coli. All the results indicated that ADPN reduced the E. coli-induced inflammation response by decreasing the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in the APN model (P<0.05; ).

Figure 3

The effect of ADPN on inflammatory response. WBC (A) and NC (B) count as measured by multispecies hematology analyzer. The concentrations of IL-6 (C) and TNF-α (D) were detected by ELISA. The data are presented as mean ± SD (n=10). *P<0.05; **P<0.01, NS represents no significant difference. ADPN, adiponectin; WT, wild type; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; KO, knockout; WBC, white blood cell; NC, neutrophil counts; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SD, standard deviation.

ADPN reduced the Bax to Bcl-2 ratio and decreased E. coli-induced renal cell apoptosis

The apoptosis of cells in the kidney tissues was detected. After treatment with E. coli, the KO group mice showed more apoptotic cells in the kidney tissues compared with the WT model group. However, ADPN administration decreased the apoptosis rate (). Furthermore, E. coli significantly increased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 in the renal tissue. However, ADPN administration significantly decreased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 ().

Figure 4

The influence of ADPN on apoptosis in kidney tissues in mice group. The kidney TUNEL staining of KO mice (A) (×100 magnification). The kidney TUNEL staining of WT mice (B) (×100 magnification). The protein levels of Bax and Bcl2 in kidneys were assessed using western blotting (C). Description of statistical results of western blotting (D). The data are presented as mean ± SD (n=10). *P<0.05; **P<0.01, NS represents no significant difference. ADPN, adiponectin; WT, wild type; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; KO, knockout; TUNEL, transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling; SD, standard deviation.

ADPN reduced E. coli-induced apoptosis of renal cells by inactivating JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway in the APN model

To explore the potential mechanisms through which ADPN reduced both apoptosis and inflammation response that were induced by E. coli, JAK2/STAT3 signaling was evaluated. The results demonstrated that bladder injection with E. coli clearly increased the protein expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 (, P<0.05). In addition, ADPN KO significantly increased the expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 in the APN model (P<0.05; ). Compared with the levels in the WT and KO model groups, the levels of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 in the WT ADPN intervention group and the ADPN-KO intervention group were markedly decreased (P<0.05; ).

Figure 5

The effect of ADPN on the protein levels of JAK2/STAT3 signaling. The protein level of JAK2, STAT3, p-JAK2, and p-STAT3 were detected by western blotting (A). Description of statistical results of western blotting (B,C). The data are presented as mean ± SD, (n=10). *P<0.05; **P<0.01, NS represents no significant difference. ADPN, adiponectin; SD, standard deviation.

Discussion

In our study, a mouse model of APN was successfully created. First, we measured the viscera index, kidney function, and renal pathological status. The results demonstrated that E. coli increased the visceral index and damaged kidney function. Adiponectin treatment protected kidney function and rescued the E. coli-induced kidney damage. Previous studies have suggested that inflammation plays a major role in the development of tissue damage in E. coli-induced pyelonephritis (20). Consistent with these studies, our study found that E. coli treatment of the WT and KO groups resulted in an increase in WBC count and NC. The inflammatory response induced by E. coli was decreased by ADPN, as indicated by the WBC count, NC, and the secretion levels of IL-6 and TNF-α.

Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, plays an important role in cell regeneration. Nevertheless, excess apoptosis exerts harmful effects on organ function. Renal cell apoptosis is an important factor affecting kidney function (21). In our study, the apoptosis rate of renal cells was significantly increased in the APN model. Compared with the WT model group, the KO model group exhibited a significantly higher apoptosis level of renal cells. However, ADPN remarkably decreased the apoptosis induced by E. coli. In conclusion, these results indicate that ADPN deficiency led to the promotion of inflammation and apoptosis in the APN model. ADPN administration alleviated the inflammation and apoptosis in the APN model, which suggests that ADPN could serve as a potential treatment for APN.

Janus kinases (JAKs) mediate both cytokine and growth factor signalings, which consequently activate the STAT transcriptional factors, resulting in the transcription of several target genes (22). Multiple studies have suggested that the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway is related to apoptosis (23-25). The JAK2/STAT3 pathway regulates the levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the proapoptotic protein Bax, thereby altering the apoptosis of the involved cells (26-29). The JAK2/STAT3 pathway has been reported to be involved in inflammatory infections induced by bacterial infection (30,31). Furthermore, activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway can increase apoptosis in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Additionally, the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 has been reported to be significantly reduced in the renal tubular cells of patients with APN. In addition, a significantly lower Bcl-2 level has been observed in the kidney tissue of pyelonephritic rats compared to that in normal rats (32). To our knowledge, there is currently no drugs targeting JAK2/ STAT3 signaling for ANP treatment. Whereas adiponectin can produce corresponding biological effects through the regulation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway (33,34). Previous studies have shown that ADPN can antagonize leptin-mediated proliferation through the activation of phosphatase PTP1B, which leads to the inhibition of JAK2 and dephosphorylation of STAT3 (35). Therefore, ADPN might reduce the apoptosis of renal cells by inactivating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in an APN mouse model. JAK2/STAT3 signaling is additionally related to inflammation. JAK2/STAT3 signaling plays a major role in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α (36,37), and these pro-inflammatory cytokines induce kidney cell apoptosis. So that the disruption of the JAK2/STAT3 pathways will reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and the renal cell apoptosis and inflammation will be prevented. IL-6 is immediately and transiently produced following infections and tissue injuries, and it may contribute to host defense through the stimulation of acute phase responses, hematopoiesis, and immune reactions (38). It’s reported in previous studies that IL-6 as an important diagnostics biomarker contributes to differentiating between lower UTIs and pyelonephritis (39). In addition, serum IL-6 has shown high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis (40,41). TNF-α is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is an important mediator of the inflammatory response in serious bacterial infections (42). Several studies have shown that TNF-α plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of APN (43-46). The results of our study are consistent with those of previous studies; we observed that intravesical inoculation of E. coli significantly increased the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in mice, while after ADPN intervention, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α significantly decreased. In this study, we observed that the levels of phosphorylated JAK2 and STAT3 in renal tissues were enhanced in APN. Adiponectin suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 in renal tissue of APN mice, suggesting that inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway may mediate the antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties of ADPN.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that ADPN protects the kidney from damage induced by E. coli in an APN animal model. These protective effects can be attributed to the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of ADPN. The data shown in this study suggests that ADPN might serve as an attractive candidate for APN treatment. However, further studies are required to assess the effectiveness of ADPN in the treatment of ANP.

The article’s supplementary files as