Importance: People who have been infected with or vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 have reduced risk of subsequent infection, but the proportion of people in the US with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from infection or vaccination is uncertain. Objective: To estimate trends in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence related to infection and vaccination in the US population. Design, Setting, and Participants: In a repeated cross-sectional study conducted each month during July 2020 through May 2021, 17 blood collection organizations with blood donations from all 50 US states; Washington, DC; and Puerto Rico were organized into 66 study-specific regions, representing a catchment of 74% of the US population. For each study region, specimens from a median of approximately 2000 blood donors were selected and tested each month; a total of 1 594 363 specimens were initially selected and tested. The final date of blood donation collection was May 31, 2021. Exposure: Calendar time. Main Outcomes and Measures: Proportion of persons with detectable SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antibodies. Seroprevalence was weighted for demographic differences between the blood donor sample and general population. Infection-induced seroprevalence was defined as the prevalence of the population with both spike and nucleocapsid antibodies. Combined infection- and vaccination-induced seroprevalence was defined as the prevalence of the population with spike antibodies. The seroprevalence estimates were compared with cumulative COVID-19 case report incidence rates. Results: Among 1 443 519 specimens included, 733 052 (50.8%) were from women, 174 842 (12.1%) were from persons aged 16 to 29 years, 292 258 (20.2%) were from persons aged 65 years and older, 36 654 (2.5%) were from non-Hispanic Black persons, and 88 773 (6.1%) were from Hispanic persons. The overall infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence estimate increased from 3.5% (95% CI, 3.2%-3.8%) in July 2020 to 20.2% (95% CI, 19.9%-20.6%) in May 2021; the combined infection- and vaccination-induced seroprevalence estimate in May 2021 was 83.3% (95% CI, 82.9%-83.7%). By May 2021, 2.1 SARS-CoV-2 infections (95% CI, 2.0-2.1) per reported COVID-19 case were estimated to have occurred. Conclusions and Relevance: Based on a sample of blood donations in the US from July 2020 through May 2021, vaccine- and infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased over time and varied by age, race and ethnicity, and geographic region. Despite weighting to adjust for demographic differences, these findings from a national sample of blood donors may not be representative of the entire US population.
Importance: People who have been infected with or vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 have reduced risk of subsequent infection, but the proportion of people in the US with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from infection or vaccination is uncertain. Objective: To estimate trends in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence related to infection and vaccination in the US population. Design, Setting, and Participants: In a repeated cross-sectional study conducted each month during July 2020 through May 2021, 17 blood collection organizations with blood donations from all 50 US states; Washington, DC; and Puerto Rico were organized into 66 study-specific regions, representing a catchment of 74% of the US population. For each study region, specimens from a median of approximately 2000 blood donors were selected and tested each month; a total of 1 594 363 specimens were initially selected and tested. The final date of blood donation collection was May 31, 2021. Exposure: Calendar time. Main Outcomes and Measures: Proportion of persons with detectable SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antibodies. Seroprevalence was weighted for demographic differences between the blood donor sample and general population. Infection-induced seroprevalence was defined as the prevalence of the population with both spike and nucleocapsid antibodies. Combined infection- and vaccination-induced seroprevalence was defined as the prevalence of the population with spike antibodies. The seroprevalence estimates were compared with cumulative COVID-19 case report incidence rates. Results: Among 1 443 519 specimens included, 733 052 (50.8%) were from women, 174 842 (12.1%) were from persons aged 16 to 29 years, 292 258 (20.2%) were from persons aged 65 years and older, 36 654 (2.5%) were from non-Hispanic Black persons, and 88 773 (6.1%) were from Hispanic persons. The overall infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence estimate increased from 3.5% (95% CI, 3.2%-3.8%) in July 2020 to 20.2% (95% CI, 19.9%-20.6%) in May 2021; the combined infection- and vaccination-induced seroprevalence estimate in May 2021 was 83.3% (95% CI, 82.9%-83.7%). By May 2021, 2.1 SARS-CoV-2 infections (95% CI, 2.0-2.1) per reported COVID-19 case were estimated to have occurred. Conclusions and Relevance: Based on a sample of blood donations in the US from July 2020 through May 2021, vaccine- and infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased over time and varied by age, race and ethnicity, and geographic region. Despite weighting to adjust for demographic differences, these findings from a national sample of blood donors may not be representative of the entire US population.
Authors: Eshan U Patel; Evan M Bloch; Mary K Grabowski; Ruchika Goel; Parvez M Lokhandwala; Patricia A R Brunker; Jodie L White; Beth Shaz; Paul M Ness; Aaron A R Tobian Journal: Transfusion Date: 2019-06-20 Impact factor: 3.157
Authors: Kristina L Bajema; Ryan E Wiegand; Kendra Cuffe; Sadhna V Patel; Ronaldo Iachan; Travis Lim; Adam Lee; Davia Moyse; Fiona P Havers; Lee Harding; Alicia M Fry; Aron J Hall; Kelly Martin; Marjorie Biel; Yangyang Deng; William A Meyer; Mohit Mathur; Tonja Kyle; Adi V Gundlapalli; Natalie J Thornburg; Lyle R Petersen; Chris Edens Journal: JAMA Intern Med Date: 2021-04-01 Impact factor: 21.873
Authors: Ian W Pray; Laura Ford; Devlin Cole; Christine Lee; John Paul Bigouette; Glen R Abedi; Dena Bushman; Miranda J Delahoy; Dustin Currie; Blake Cherney; Marie Kirby; Geroncio Fajardo; Motria Caudill; Kimberly Langolf; Juliana Kahrs; Patrick Kelly; Collin Pitts; Ailam Lim; Nicole Aulik; Azaibi Tamin; Jennifer L Harcourt; Krista Queen; Jing Zhang; Brett Whitaker; Hannah Browne; Magdalena Medrzycki; Patricia Shewmaker; Jennifer Folster; Bettina Bankamp; Michael D Bowen; Natalie J Thornburg; Kimberly Goffard; Brandi Limbago; Allen Bateman; Jacqueline E Tate; Douglas Gieryn; Hannah L Kirking; Ryan Westergaard; Marie Killerby Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Date: 2021-01-01 Impact factor: 35.301
Authors: Florian Krammer; Komal Srivastava; Hala Alshammary; Angela A Amoako; Mahmoud H Awawda; Katherine F Beach; Maria C Bermúdez-González; Dominika A Bielak; Juan M Carreño; Rachel L Chernet; Lily Q Eaker; Emily D Ferreri; Daniel L Floda; Charles R Gleason; Joshua Z Hamburger; Kaijun Jiang; Giulio Kleiner; Denise Jurczyszak; Julia C Matthews; Wanni A Mendez; Ismail Nabeel; Lubbertus C F Mulder; Ariel J Raskin; Kayla T Russo; Ashley-Beathrese T Salimbangon; Miti Saksena; Amber S Shin; Gagandeep Singh; Levy A Sominsky; Daniel Stadlbauer; Ania Wajnberg; Viviana Simon Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2021-03-10 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Cassandra Pingali; Mehreen Meghani; Hilda Razzaghi; Mark J Lamias; Eric Weintraub; Tat'Yana A Kenigsberg; Nicola P Klein; Ned Lewis; Bruce Fireman; Ousseny Zerbo; Joan Bartlett; Kristin Goddard; James Donahue; Kayla Hanson; Allison Naleway; Elyse O Kharbanda; W Katherine Yih; Jennifer Clark Nelson; Bruno J Lewin; Joshua T B Williams; Jason M Glanz; James A Singleton; Suchita A Patel Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Date: 2021-07-16 Impact factor: 17.586
Authors: Teresa Lambe; Andrew J Pollard; Merryn Voysey; Shuo Feng; Daniel J Phillips; Thomas White; Homesh Sayal; Parvinder K Aley; Sagida Bibi; Christina Dold; Michelle Fuskova; Sarah C Gilbert; Ian Hirsch; Holly E Humphries; Brett Jepson; Elizabeth J Kelly; Emma Plested; Kathryn Shoemaker; Kelly M Thomas; Johan Vekemans; Tonya L Villafana Journal: Nat Med Date: 2021-09-29 Impact factor: 53.440
Authors: Dorothy A Machalek; Kaitlyn M Vette; Marnie Downes; John B Carlin; Suellen Nicholson; Rena Hirani; David O Irving; Iain B Gosbell; Heather F Gidding; Hannah Shilling; Eithandee Aung; Kristine Macartney; John M Kaldor Journal: PLoS One Date: 2022-07-06 Impact factor: 3.752
Authors: Cassandra D Josephson; Simone Glynn; Sunitha Mathew; Rebecca Birch; Sonia Bakkour; Lisa Baumann Kreuziger; Michael P Busch; Kathleen Chapman; Carla Dinardo; Jeanne Hendrickson; Eldad A Hod; Shannon Kelly; Naomi Luban; Alan Mast; Philip Norris; Brian Custer; Ester Sabino; Bruce Sachais; Bryan R Spencer; Mars Stone; Steve Kleinman Journal: Transfusion Date: 2022-04-19 Impact factor: 3.337
Authors: Jennifer L Alejo; Jonathan Mitchell; Amy Chang; Teresa P Y Chiang; Allan B Massie; Dorry L Segev; Martin A Makary Journal: JAMA Date: 2022-03-15 Impact factor: 157.335
Authors: Fayette Klaassen; Melanie H Chitwood; Ted Cohen; Virginia E Pitzer; Marcus Russi; Nicole A Swartwood; Joshua A Salomon; Nicolas A Menzies Journal: medRxiv Date: 2022-03-01
Authors: Ashleigh R Tuite; David Fisman; Kento T Abe; Bhavisha Rathod; Adrian Pasculescu; Karen Colwill; Anne-Claude Gingras; Qi-Long Yi; Sheila F O'Brien; Steven J Drews Journal: Microbiol Spectr Date: 2022-02-23