Shuyang Zhao1, Ricardo Grieshaber-Bouyer2, Deepak A Rao3, Philipp Kolb4, Haizhang Chen4, Ivana Andreeva1, Theresa Tretter1, Hanns-Martin Lorenz1, Carsten Watzl5, Guido Wabnitz1, Lars-Oliver Tykocinski1, Wolfgang Merkt6. 1. University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. 2. University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, and Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 3. Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 4. University Medical Center and the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. 5. Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors at Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany. 6. University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Findings from recent transcriptome analyses of the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have revealed that 15-fold expanded HLA-DR+CD90+ synovial fibroblasts potentially act as key mediators of inflammation. The reasons for the expansion of HLA-DR+CD90+ synovial fibroblasts are unclear, but genetic signatures indicate that interferon-γ (IFNγ) plays a central role in the generation of this fibroblast subset. The present study was undertaken to investigate the generation, function and therapeutically intended blockage of HLA-DR+CD90+ synovial fibroblasts. METHODS: We combined functional assays using primary human materials and focused bioinformatic analyses of mass cytometry and transcriptomics patient data sets. RESULTS: We detected enriched and activated Fcγ receptor type IIIa-positive (CD16+) NK cells in the synovial tissue from patients with active RA. Soluble immune complexes were recognized by CD16 in a newly described reporter cell model, a mechanism that could be contributing to the activation of natural killer (NK) cells in RA. In vitro, NK cell-derived IFNγ induced HLA-DR on CD90+ synovial fibroblasts, leading to an inflammatory, cytokine-secreting HLA-DR+CD90+ phenotype. HLA-DR+CD90+ synovial fibroblasts consecutively activated CD4+ T cells upon receptor crosslinking via superantigens. HLA-DR+CD90+ synovial fibroblasts also activated CD4+ T cells in the absence of superantigens, an effect that was initiated by NK cell-derived IFNγ and that was 4 times stronger in patients with RA compared to patients with osteoarthritis. Finally, JAK inhibition in synovial fibroblasts prevented HLA-DR induction and blocked proinflammatory signals to T cells. CONCLUSION: The HLA-DR+CD90+ phenotype represents an activation state of synovial fibroblasts during the process of inflammation in RA that can be induced by IFNγ, likely generated from infiltrating leukocytes such as activated NK cells. The induction of these proinflammatory, interleukin-6-producing, and likely antigen-presenting synovial fibroblasts can be targeted by JAK inhibition.
OBJECTIVE: Findings from recent transcriptome analyses of the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have revealed that 15-fold expanded HLA-DR+CD90+ synovial fibroblasts potentially act as key mediators of inflammation. The reasons for the expansion of HLA-DR+CD90+ synovial fibroblasts are unclear, but genetic signatures indicate that interferon-γ (IFNγ) plays a central role in the generation of this fibroblast subset. The present study was undertaken to investigate the generation, function and therapeutically intended blockage of HLA-DR+CD90+ synovial fibroblasts. METHODS: We combined functional assays using primary human materials and focused bioinformatic analyses of mass cytometry and transcriptomics patient data sets. RESULTS: We detected enriched and activated Fcγ receptor type IIIa-positive (CD16+) NK cells in the synovial tissue from patients with active RA. Soluble immune complexes were recognized by CD16 in a newly described reporter cell model, a mechanism that could be contributing to the activation of natural killer (NK) cells in RA. In vitro, NK cell-derived IFNγ induced HLA-DR on CD90+ synovial fibroblasts, leading to an inflammatory, cytokine-secreting HLA-DR+CD90+ phenotype. HLA-DR+CD90+ synovial fibroblasts consecutively activated CD4+ T cells upon receptor crosslinking via superantigens. HLA-DR+CD90+ synovial fibroblasts also activated CD4+ T cells in the absence of superantigens, an effect that was initiated by NK cell-derived IFNγ and that was 4 times stronger in patients with RA compared to patients with osteoarthritis. Finally, JAK inhibition in synovial fibroblasts prevented HLA-DR induction and blocked proinflammatory signals to T cells. CONCLUSION: The HLA-DR+CD90+ phenotype represents an activation state of synovial fibroblasts during the process of inflammation in RA that can be induced by IFNγ, likely generated from infiltrating leukocytes such as activated NK cells. The induction of these proinflammatory, interleukin-6-producing, and likely antigen-presenting synovial fibroblasts can be targeted by JAK inhibition.
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