| Literature DB >> 34227347 |
Shaojie Qin1, Yu Bai1, Huwei Liu1.
Abstract
The cell is the smallest unit of living organisms. Although cells often assemble to serve a common function, intercellular heterogeneity often exists due to different genetic and environmental effects. Therefore, single-cell analysis has been regarded as an indispensable means to investigate cell heterogeneity, especially when researching cell differentiation, disease diagnosis, and therapy. As the chief factors influencing cell and biological activities, proteins have long been a major concern in biochemistry. However, due to their intrinsic lack of amplification characteristics, wide species variety, low abundance, and wide dynamic range, proteins are scarcely studied in single-cell research when compared with other biological macromolecules. Therefore, ultra-sensitive single-cell proteomics analysis methods are urgently required. Among all general measurement techniques, fluorescence methods possess high sensitivity and a capability of dynamic tracing, but low target numbers impose restrictions on their broad application in real "proteomic" studies. Similarly, electrochemical methods adapt to electrochemically active molecules, which miss the majority of proteins. Mass spectrometry (MS), as the core approach of proteomic studies, provides high-sensitivity and high-throughput analysis of proteins together with abundant structural information, which is unique in all the analytical instruments and has made great progress in single-cell proteomic research. Herein, the representative research methods for single-cell proteomics based on MS are reviewed. According to the different protein separation methods used prior to MS analysis, they are divided into three categories, including capillary electrophoresis (CE), liquid chromatography (LC), and direct infusion without the need for separation. First, CE has been widely used in the separation and analysis of complex biological samples owing to its low cost, high analysis speed, and high separation efficiency. Its unique feature is the extraction and transfer of contents from cellular or subcellular regions using capillaries smaller than a single cell size. This sampling method also offers less substrate interference and negligible oxidative damage to the cells. Nonetheless, single-cell analysis based on CE-MS mainly focuses on proteomic studies of large cells because of the considerable sample loss, interface instability, and reproducibility issues. Compared with CE, LC, especially nanoLC, is more widely used in single-cell proteomic research, which mainly depends on its good reproducibility, nanoliter injection volume, low flow rate, low sample loss, and good compatibility with mass spectrometry. In recent years, it has been increasingly applied in the study of large-volume embryos, germ cells, and even somatic cells. More than 1000 proteins have been identified in single HeLa cells using this state-of-the-art single-cell proteomics method. It is worth noting that the single-cell sampling volume based on LC gradually reduces to the nanoliter level, and that the sample loss can be reduced by integrating a series of proteomic sampling processes into small volumes, setting sealing conditions, and reducing washing steps. However, the adequacy of cell lysis, the completeness and efficiency of protein pretreatment, and the labeling of peptide segments are important factors affecting the number and types of protein identification. Compared with protein separation using CE or LC prior to MS analysis, the direct MS analysis, assisted by labelling and signal transformation, eliminates complicated sample pretreatment and simplifies the operation by reducing enzymatic hydrolysis and separation. It also renders higher resolution as well as multi-omics compatibility. So far, the number of proteins detected using this method is limited due to the complexity of the samples. In conclusion, the aspects of throughput, sensitivity, identified protein species, and applications are summarized for each method mentioned above, and the prospect of single-cell proteomic research based on MS in the future is also discussed.Entities:
Keywords: capillary electrophoresis (CE); liquid chromatography (LC); mass spectrometry (MS); microfluidic; proteomics; review; single cell
Mesh:
Year: 2021 PMID: 34227347 PMCID: PMC9274836 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2020.08030
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Se Pu ISSN: 1000-8713
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| Separation | Method | Throughput | Identified | Sensitivity | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CE based | microdissection[ | 1 | 1630 (label)2) | 25 amol | differentiation process and subcellular asymme- |
| macrosampling[ | 1 | 341 | 700 zmol | try of Xenopus embryo, zebrafish embryos | |
| RP pre-fractionation[ | 1 | 141 | 260 zmol | mouse hippocampal neurons proteome | |
| LC based | microdissection[ | 1 | 1500 | - | Xenopus embryo differentiation process and |
| microdissection with | 8 | ~4000 (label) | - | early development | |
| SCoPE[ | ~190 | 767 (label) | zmol | differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells | |
| SCoPE2[ | >2000 | >1000 (label) | zmol | differentiation mechanism of homogeneous monocytes | |
| OAD chip[ | 1 | 51 | - | Hela cell proteome | |
| iPAD-1[ | 1 | 126 | 1.7 zmol | histone profiling in Hela cell cycle | |
| nanoPOTs[ | 72 | 1400 (label) | amol | classification of Epithelial cells and immune cells in mice | |
| enhanced nanoPOTs[ | 72 | 362 | <amol | Hela cell proteome | |
| Direct detection | AP-MALDI[ | ~104-105 | 220 peptides | - | mice brain tissue imaging |
| based | SIMS[ | ~103-104 | <10 | - | three-dimensional imaging of cells |
| mass cytometry[ | ~105-106 | 40 | zmol | cellular signaling network changes | |
| mass cytometry imaging[ | ~104-105 | 40 | zmol | breast cancer subtyping |
1) Identified protein numbers refer to single measurement result. 2) Label means peptide labelling technology is employed in corresponding method. iTRAQ: isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation; ScoPE: single cell ProtEomics; OAD: oil-air-droplet; nanoPOTS: nanodroplet processing in one pot for trace samples; AP-MALDI: atmospheric pressure-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry; SIMS: secondary ion mass spectrometry; -: no clear data.