| Literature DB >> 34188328 |
Luis Guillermo Saldarriaga1, Helmer Emilio Palacios-Rodríguez1, Luis Fernando Pino1,2, Adolfo González Hadad1,2,3, Yaset Caicedo4, Jessica Capre5, Alberto García1,6,7, Fernando Rodríguez-Holguín5, Alexander Salcedo1,2,5,6, José Julián Serna1,2,6,7, Mario Alain Herrera1,2, Michael W Parra8, Carlos A Ordoñez1,6,7, Abraham Kestenberg-Himelfarb8.
Abstract
Rectal trauma is uncommon, but it is usually associated with injuries in adjacent pelvic or abdominal organs. Recent studies have changed the paradigm behind military rectal trauma management, showing better morbidity and mortality. However, damage control techniques in rectal trauma remain controversial. This article aims to present an algorithm for the treatment of rectal trauma in a patient with hemodynamic instability, according to damage control surgery principles. We propose to manage intraperitoneal rectal injuries in the same way as colon injuries. The treatment of extraperitoneal rectum injuries will depend on the percentage of the circumference involved. For injuries involving more than 25% of the circumference, a colostomy is indicated. While injuries involving less than 25% of the circumference can be managed through a conservative approach or primary repair. In rectal trauma, knowing when to do or not to do it makes the difference.Entities:
Keywords: Wounds, gunshot; abdominal injuries; anaerobiosis; anal canal; anti-bacterial agents; colon; colostomy; conservative treatment; digital rectal examination; hemorrhage; hemostatics; laparoscopy; proctoscopy; rectum; surgeons; tomography; tomography, x-ray computed
Year: 2021 PMID: 34188328 PMCID: PMC8216057 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v52i2.4776
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
Evolution Of Military Rectal Trauma Management
| Treatment | Mortality (%) | Armed Conflict |
|---|---|---|
| Non-operatory management | 100 | American Civil War (1865) |
| Primary repair | 60-90 | World War I (1918) |
| Fecal derivation | 30-40 | World War II (1945) |
| Fecal derivation + Pre-sacral drainage | 15-20 | Korean War (1953) |
| Primary repair + Distal rectal lavage | 13-15 | Vietnam War (1975) |
| Vital support + Damage control surgery | 8 | Yugoslavian War (2001) |
AAST Rectum Trauma Classification
| Grade | Injury Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| I | Hematoma | Contusion or hematoma without devascularization |
| Laceration | Partial-thickness laceration | |
| II | Laceration | Laceration < 50% or circumference |
| III | Laceration | Laceration > 50% of circumference |
| IV | Laceration | Full thickness laceration with extension into peritoneum |
| V | Vascular | Devascularized segment |
Figure 1Anatomical Division of the Rectum: Intraperitoneal and Extraperitoneal Portions. An extraperitoneal rectal injury involving less than 25% of the circumference (nondestructive) is shown.
Figure 2Computed Axial Tomography of the Upper Pelvis. Sacral fracture with several bone fragments, thickening of the rectal wall, para-rectal air and free intraperitoneal fluid are shown, in a patient with intraperitoneal rectal injury secondary to a high-speed gunshot wound in the upper quadrant of the left gluteus.
Figure 3Damage Control Management in Rectal Trauma. An algorithm is proposed for the approach and management of the patient with suspected rectal trauma and hemodynamic instability, according to the anatomical location (intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal) of the rectal injury.
Evolución en el manejo del trauma rectal en el ambiente militar
| Tipo de manejo | Mortalidad (%) | Conflicto Armado |
|---|---|---|
| Manejo no operatorio | 100 | Guerra de Secesión (1865) |
| Reparación primaria | 60-90 | Primera Guerra Mundial (1918) |
| Derivación fecal | 30-40 | Segunda Guerra Mundial (1945) |
| Derivación fecal + Drenaje presacro | 15-20 | Guerra de Corea (1953) |
| Reparación primaria + Lavado rectal distal | 13-15 | Guerra de Vietnam (1975) |
| Soporte vital + Cirugía de Control de Daños | 8 | Guerra de Yugoslavia (2001) |
Clasificación de la AAST del trauma de recto
| Grado | Tipo De Lesión | Descripción |
|---|---|---|
| I | Hematoma | Contusión o hematoma sin desvascularización |
| Laceración | Laceración de grosor parcial | |
| II | Laceración | Laceración < 50% de la circunferencia |
| III | Laceración | Laceración > 50% de la circunferencia |
| IV | Laceración | Laceración de grosor total con extensión al peritoneo |
| V | Vascular | Segmento desvascularizado |
Figura 1División Anatómica del Recto: Segmento Intraperitoneal y Extraperitoneal. Se evidencia una lesión del recto en su segmento extraperitoneal que compromete menos del 25% de la circunferencia (no destructiva).
Figura 2Tomografía Axial Computarizada de la Pelvis Superior. Se evidencia fractura del sacro en varios fragmentos, engrosamiento de la pared rectal, aire pararrectal y líquido libre en la cavidad, en un paciente con lesión rectal intraperitoneal secundaria a una herida por proyectil de arma de fuego de alta velocidad en el cuadrante superior del glúteo izquierdo.
Figura 3Control de Daños en el Trauma de Recto. Se propone un algoritmo para el abordaje y manejo del paciente con sospecha de trauma de recto e inestabilidad hemodinámica, según la localización anatómica (intraperitoneal o extraperitoneal) de las lesiones de recto.
| 1) Why was this study conducted? |
| This article aims to present an algorithm for the management of rectal trauma in the patient with hemodynamic instability, according to damage control surgery principles. |
| 2) What were the most relevant results of the study? |
| We propose to manage intraperitoneal rectal injuries in the same way as colon injuries. The management of extraperitoneal rectum injuries will depend on the percentage of the circumference involved. For injuries involving more than 25% of the circumference, a colostomy is indicated. While injuries involving less than 25% of the circumference can be managed through a conservative approach or primary repair. |
| 3) What do these results contribute? |
| In rectal trauma, knowing when to do or not to do it makes the difference. |
| 1) ¿Por qué se realizó este estudio? |
| El objetivo de este articulo es proponer el algoritmo de manejo del paciente con trauma rectal e inestabilidad hemodinámica, según los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. |
| 2) ¿Cuáles fueron los resultados más relevantes del estudio? |
| Se propone que las lesiones del recto en su porción intraperitoneal sean manejadas de la misma manera que las lesiones del colon. Mientras que el manejo de las lesiones extraperitoneales del recto dependerá del compromiso de la circunferencia rectal. Si es mayor del 25% se recomienda realizar una colostomía. Si es menor, se propone optar por el manejo conservador o el reparo primario. |
| 3¿Qué aportan estos resultados? |
| Saber que hacer o que no hacer en el trauma de recto marca la diferencia. |