| Literature DB >> 33956173 |
Michael Hummel1, Susanna Hegewisch-Becker2, Jens Neumann3, Arndt Vogel4.
Abstract
In the past 25 years, treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has undergone profound changes. The approval of newer chemotherapeutics such as irinotecan and oxaliplatin was followed in 2005 by the first targeted therapies, for example, monoclonal antibodies directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as cetuximab and panitumumab, or the angiogenesis inhibitors bevacizumab, ramucirumab, and aflibercept. With the rapidly progressing molecular characterization of mCRC in the last 10 years and the classification of the disease in four consensus subtypes, further changes are emerging, which will promote, among other things, the introduction of protein-kinase inhibitors developed for specific molecular aberrations as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors into the treatment algorithm.Thorough molecular pathologic testing is indispensable today for guideline-compliant treatment of mCRC patients. In addition to RAS testing as a precondition for the therapy decision with regard to cetuximab and panitumumab, BRAF testing is of considerable relevance to allow decision making with regard to the newly approved chemotherapy-free combination of the BRAF inhibitor encorafenib and cetuximab in cases where a BRAF-V600E mutation is detected. Additional diagnostic tests should also include genome instability (microsatellite instability). Overall, more and more molecular alterations need to be investigated simultaneously, so that the use of focused next-generation sequencing is increasingly recommended.This overview describes the prognostic relevance of BRAF testing in the context of molecular pathologic diagnostics of mCRC, presents new treatment options for BRAF-mutated mCRC patients, and explains which modern DNA analytical and immunohistochemical methods are available to detect BRAF mutations in mCRC patients.Entities:
Keywords: BRAF-inhibitors; Cetuximab; Encorafenib; Protein kinase inhibitors; Proto-oncogene proteins B‑raf
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2021 PMID: 33956173 PMCID: PMC8536591 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00942-9
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Pathologe ISSN: 0172-8113 Impact factor: 1.011
| Studie/Phase (bzw. Typ) Studie | Vergleich | „Backbone“ (Therapie) | NITT, total [NBRAF-mut.] (soweit ermittelt)a | BRAF-Assessmentb (diagnost. Methode) | OS (Monate) | PFS (Monate) | ORR (%) | HR [95%KI] | Referenz |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crystal + OPUS/III (R-SGA) | Cetuximab + CTx | FOLFIRI (Crystal), FOLFOX4 (OPUS) | 1535 [32 | PNA-clamping PC | 14,1 | 7,1 | 22 | OS: 0,62 [0,36–1,06] PFS: 0,67 [0,34–1,29] | Bokemeyer et al. [ |
| PRIME/III (R-SGA) | Panitumumab + CTx vs. CTx | FOLFOX | 1183 [24 | PNA-clamping PC | 10,5 | 6,1 | NA | OS: 0,90 [0,46–1,76] PFS: 0,58 [0,29–1,15] | Douillard et al. [ |
| FIRE-3/III (R-SGA) | Cetuximab + CTx vs. Bevacizumab + CTx | FOLFIRI | 752 [23 | Pyrosequencing | 12,3 | 6,6 | 52 | OS: 0,79 [0,43–1,46] PFS: 0,84 [0,47–1,51] | Stintzing et al. [ |
| 20020181/III (R-SGA) | Panitumumab + CTx vs. CTx | FOLFIRI | 1186 [22 | PCR/Sanger | 5,7 | 2,5 | NA | NA | Peeters et al. [ |
| PICCOLO/III (R-SGA) | Panitumumab + CTx vs. BSC | Irinotecan | 460 [37 | PCR/Pyrosequencing | NA | NA | 11 | NA | Seymour et al. [ |
| 20020408/III (R-SGA) | Panitumumab | Ø | 463 [18c] | PCR (Sequenzierung) | NA | NA | 0 ( | NA PFS: 0,34 [0,09–1,24] | Peeters et al. [ |
| CO.17/III (R-SGA) | Cetuximab | Ø | 572 [4 | PCR (Sequenzierung) | 1,8 | NA | 0 | OS: 0,84 [NA–NA] PFS: 0,76 [NA–NA] | Karapetis et al. [ |
| TRIBE/III (R-SGA) | Bevacizumab; Vgl. zweier CTx-Backbones | FOLFOXIRI vs. FOLFIRI | 508 [16 | Pyrosequencing | 19,0 | 7,5 | 56 | OS: 0,54 [0,24–1,20] PFS: 0,57 [0,27–1,23] | Cremolini et al. [ |
| Loupakis et al./II | Bevacizumab + CTx | FOLFOXIRI | 25 [25d] | HRM-Analyse/Sequenzierung | 24,1 | 9,2 | 60 | NA | Loupakis et al. [ |
BSC „best supportive care“, CTx Chemotherapie, EGFR „epidermal growth factor receptor“, HR Hazard Ratio, HRM „high resolution melting“, NA nicht angegeben, NITT Gesamtzahl der in der Studie randomisierten Patienten, ORR Gesamtansprechrate, OS Gesamtüberleben , PCR Polymerase-Kettenreaktion, PFS progressionsfreies Überleben, R‑SGA retrospektive Subgruppenanalyse, vs. versus, VEGF „vascular endothelial growth factor“
aProzentsatz BRAF-mutierter Patienten bezieht sich auf die Gesamtzahl der Patienten, für die Ergebnisse/Gewebe zu einer BRAF-Mutationsanalyse vorlagen (BRAF-mutiert versus BRAF-Wildtyp)
bAngaben gemäß Pietrantonio et al. [24]
cAnzahl Patienten im experimentellen Studienarm (d. h. Panitumumab-Arm) mit bekannter BRAFV600E-Mutation
dValidierungskohorte (N = 25), hierin 15 prospektiv in diese Studie eingeschlossenen Patienten und 10 Patienten aus einer vorherigen Studie, bei denen der BRAF-Status retrospektiv bestimmt wurde




| Sanger | Pyro-Sequenzierung | HRM | NGS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Typ Diagnostik | Laborbasiert | Laborbasiert | Laborbasiert | Laborbasiert |
| Zulassunga | Nicht erforderlich | Nicht erforderlich | Nicht erforderlich | EU: nein/USA: teils ja |
| Indikation | Multipel | Multipel | Multipel | Multipel |
| Selektivitätb | Ja | Ja (Codon 600) | Ja | Ja |
| Spezifität | 100 % | 90 % | 100 % | 100 % |
| Sensitivität | 92 % | > 98 % | 98–100 % | ≈ 100 % |
| Nachweisgrenze | 10 % | 5 % | 6 % | 1/5 % |
| In-Lab-Zeit | 2–3 Tage | ≈ 2 Tage | ≈ 1 Tag | 2–4 Tage |
HRM „high resolution melting“, NGS Next Generation Sequencing
aIm Sinne von CE-Kennzeichnung (EU) bzw. Premarket Approval (USA)
bIm Sinne seltener BRAF-Mutationen (Non-BRAFV600E)
| THxID® BRAF Kit | cobas® 4800 BRAF V5600 Mutation Test | Idylla™ BRAF Mutation Test (Biocartis NV, Mechelen, Belgien) | Qiagen | Foundation One® CDx (Roche Pharma AG, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Deutschland) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Typ Diagnostik | Standardisiert | Standardisiert | Standardisiert | Standardisiert | NGS |
| Zulassung | USA (CDx), EU (CE) | USA (CDx), EU (CE) | USA (CDx), EU (CE) | USA (CDx), EU (CE) | USA (CCDx) |
| FDA PMA No (Jahr) | (510(k) Notifizierung nicht erforderlich) | ||||
| Indikation | Melanom | Melanom | Multiple Indikationen | Multiple Mutationen und Indikationen | |
| Selektivität | Nur V600E, V600K | Nur V600E | V600E/E2/D und V600K/R/M | Nur V600E | Nur V600E, V600K |
| Sensitivität | > 96 % V600E; > 92 % V600K | > 98 % | > 98 % | > 98 % | 100 % |
| Spezifität | 100 % | > 98 % | > 98 % | 100 % | ≈ 100 % |
| Nachweisgrenze | 5 % V600E, 5 % V600K | 5–7 % V600E, > 35 % V600K | Nicht spezifiziert | 8 % | 2 % |
| In-Lab-Zeit (Turnaround) | 1 Tag | 1 Tag | 2–4 h | 1 Tag | ≈ 3–5 Tage |
CDx Companion Diagnostic, CDDx Companion und/oder Complementary Diagnostic, NGS Next Generation Sequencing, PMA Premarket Approval (USA)