Chiranjib Chakraborty1,2, Ashish Ranjan Sharma3, Garima Sharma4, Manojit Bhattacharya3, Bidhan C Patra5, Bimal Kumar Sarkar6, Saptarshi Banerjee7, Kankana Banerjee7, Sang-Soo Lee8,9. 1. Institute For Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, 200704, Republic of Korea. drchiranjib@yahoo.com. 2. Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, North, 24 Parganas, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India. drchiranjib@yahoo.com. 3. Institute For Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, 200704, Republic of Korea. 4. Department of Biomedical Science & Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea. 5. Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India. 6. Department of Physics, Adamas University, North, 24 Parganas, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India. 7. School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India. 8. Institute For Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, 200704, Republic of Korea. 123sslee@gmail.com. 9. Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Hospital-College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea. 123sslee@gmail.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Currently, Tigers (the top predator of an ecosystem) are on the list of endangered species. Thus the need is to understand the tiger's population genomics to design their conservation strategies. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the molecular evolution of tiger diversity using NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4), a significant electron transport chain component. METHODS: We have analyzed nucleotide composition and distribution pattern of ND genes, molecular evolution, evolutionary conservation pattern and conserved blocks of NADH, phylogenomics of ND4, and estimating species divergence, etc., using different bioinformatics tools and software, and MATLAB programming and computing environment. RESULTS: The nucleotide composition and distribution pattern of ND genes in the tiger genome demonstrated an increase in the number of adenine (A) and a lower trend of A+T content in some place of the distribution analysis. However, the observed distributions were not significant (P > 0.05). Evolutionary conservation analysis showed three highly align blocks (186 to 198, 406 to 416, and 527 to 545). On mapping the molecular evolution of ND4 among model species (n = 30), we observed its presence in a broader range of species. ND4 based molecular evolution of tiger diversity and time divergence for a tiger (20 different other species) shows that genus Panthera originated more or less at a similar time. CONCLUSIONS: The nucleotide composition and nucleotide distribution pattern of tiger ND genes showed the evolutionary pattern and origin of tiger and Panthera lineage concerning the molecular clock, which will help to understand their adaptive evolution.
BACKGROUND: Currently, Tigers (the top predator of an ecosystem) are on the list of endangered species. Thus the need is to understand the tiger's population genomics to design their conservation strategies. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the molecular evolution of tiger diversity using NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4), a significant electron transport chain component. METHODS: We have analyzed nucleotide composition and distribution pattern of ND genes, molecular evolution, evolutionary conservation pattern and conserved blocks of NADH, phylogenomics of ND4, and estimating species divergence, etc., using different bioinformatics tools and software, and MATLAB programming and computing environment. RESULTS: The nucleotide composition and distribution pattern of ND genes in the tiger genome demonstrated an increase in the number of adenine (A) and a lower trend of A+T content in some place of the distribution analysis. However, the observed distributions were not significant (P > 0.05). Evolutionary conservation analysis showed three highly align blocks (186 to 198, 406 to 416, and 527 to 545). On mapping the molecular evolution of ND4 among model species (n = 30), we observed its presence in a broader range of species. ND4 based molecular evolution of tiger diversity and time divergence for a tiger (20 different other species) shows that genus Panthera originated more or less at a similar time. CONCLUSIONS: The nucleotide composition and nucleotide distribution pattern of tiger ND genes showed the evolutionary pattern and origin of tiger and Panthera lineage concerning the molecular clock, which will help to understand their adaptive evolution.
Entities:
Keywords:
DNA barcoding marker; Molecular clocks; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4); NADH dehydrogenase subunits; Species divergence; Tiger
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