| Literature DB >> 33795899 |
Juan Carlos Salamea-Molina1,2, Amber Nicole Himmler3,4, Laura Isabel Valencia-Angel5,6, Carlos A Ordoñez7,8,9, Michael W Parra10, Yaset Caicedo11, Mónica Guzmán-Rodríguez12, Claudia Orlas13,14, Marcela Granados15, Carmenza Macia16, Alberto García7,8,9, José Julián Serna7,8,9,17, Marisol Badiel18, Juan Carlos Puyana19.
Abstract
Hemorrhagic shock and its complications are a major cause of death among trauma patients. The management of hemorrhagic shock using a damage control resuscitation strategy has been shown to decrease mortality and improve patient outcomes. One of the components of damage control resuscitation is hemostatic resuscitation, which involves the replacement of lost blood volume with components such as packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelets in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. However, this is a strategy that is not applicable in many parts of Latin America and other low-and-middle-income countries throughout the world, where there is a lack of well-equipped blood banks and an insufficient availability of blood products. To overcome these barriers, we propose the use of cold fresh whole blood for hemostatic resuscitation in exsanguinating patients. Over 6 years of experience in Ecuador has shown that resuscitation with cold fresh whole blood has similar outcomes and a similar safety profile compared to resuscitation with hemocomponents. Whole blood confers many advantages over component therapy including, but not limited to the transfusion of blood with a physiologic ratio of components, ease of transport and transfusion, less volume of anticoagulants and additives transfused to the patient, and exposure to fewer donors. Whole blood is a tool with reemerging potential that can be implemented in civilian trauma centers with optimal results and less technical demand.Entities:
Keywords: Crystalloid solutions; blood coagulation factors; compartment syndromes; disseminated intravascular coagulation; hemorrhagic; hemostatics; hypocalcemia; hypothermia; respiratory distress syndrome; shock; trauma centers, blood safety
Year: 2020 PMID: 33795899 PMCID: PMC7968429 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v51i4.4511
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
Figure 1Transfused hemocomponents rate according to surgery time (The survival of patients is associated with an earlier and constant rate of transfusion)
Tools used for the prediction in hemodynamically unstable patient of massive transfusion
| Tool | Components of the Tool | Clinical Data | Imaging Data | Laboratory Data | AUROC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Gestalt | Clinical judgment of the attending surgeon | X | -- | -- | 0.62 |
| Shock Index (SI) | SI >0.9 | X | -- | -- | 0.80 |
| McLaughlin | Variables included: HR >105 bpm, SBP <110mmHg, Hematocrit <32%, pH <7.25 | X | -- | X | 0.84 |
| Assessment of Blood Consumption score | A score of 2 or more, given 1 point for each of the following: Penetrating mechanism, HR >120 bpm, SBP <90mmHg | X | X | -- | 0.86 |
| ABCD | Predicts the need for MTP if these 4 variables are present: Base excess ≥8, Blood loss>1500 ml, Hypothermia, <35° C, NISS score>35 | X | -- | X | 0.87 |
| TASH | Score of >16 predicts MTP, maximum score of 27. Variables included SBP, Hemoglobin, Presence of intraabdominal fluid, Presence of complex long bone fractures or pelvic fractures, HR, Base excess, Male sex | X | X | X | 0.89 |
SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure. HR: Heart rate.
TASH: Trauma associated severe hemorrhage
ABCD: A: Airway B: Breathing C: Circulatory D: Disability
MTP: Massive transfusion protocol
Summary of the critical elements of a thrombelastography
| Phase of Coagulation | TEG Parameter | Normal Range | Description | Interpretation in a Hypocoagulable Patients |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activation | R time | 5-10 minutes | Time period from the start of the test until the initial clot formation | If R time >10 minutes, consider: FFP, prothrombin complex, anticoagulant reversal |
| Amplification | K time | 1-3 minutes | Time from beginning of clot formation to reaching a certain strength, specifically an amplitude of 20mm | If K time >3 minutes, consider: Fibrinogen concentrate or cryoprecipitate |
| Propagation | α angle | 53.0-70.0mm | Angle between R and the imaginary line from the initial clot formation to the point of maximum strength related to the K time | If α angle <53mm, consider: Fibrinogen concentrate or cryoprecipitate |
| Termination | MA angle | 50-70mm | Highest point on the curve that represents the maximum clot strength | Si MA <50mm, consider: Platelets |
| Fibrinolysis | LY30 | 0-3% | Percentage of reduction in amplitude 30 minutes after the MA | If LY30 >3%, consider: Tranexamic acid |
TEG: thrombelastography
The benefits of whole blood compared to component therapy at our institution .
| Components | Whole Blood |
|---|---|
| Larger volume of additives and anticoagulants | Less volume of additives and anticoagulants |
| Requires transfusion of 3 bags | Requires transfusion of 1 bag |
| Applicable in few hospitals worldwide | Easy to replicate |
| Less accessible inresource-limited environment or in resource limited settings | Easy to implement in the prehospital environment and resources limited settings |
| More expensive | Cheaper |
Figura 1Tasa de hemocomponentes transfundidos según tiempo inicio de cirugía (los supervivientes se asociaron a un inicio de transfusión más temprana y una tasa estable)
Herramientas utilizadas para predecir si un paciente con choque hemorrágico necesitara transfusión masiva.
| Herramienta | Componentes de la Herramienta | Datos Clínicos | Datos de Imágenes | Datos del Laboratorio | AUROC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Juicio Clínico | El juicio clínico del cirujano tratante | X | -- | -- | 0.62 |
| Índice de choque | IC >0.9 | X | -- | -- | 0.80 |
| McLaughlen | Variables tienen valores de 0 al menos que: FC >105 Lpm, PAS <110 mmHg, Hematocrito <32%, pH <7.25 | X | -- | X | 0.84 |
| Evaluación de la puntuación del consumo de sangre (ABC) | Una puntación de 2 o más, dando 1 puntaje por cada uno de los siguientes: Mecanismo penetrante, FC >120, PAS <90mmHg | X | X | -- | 0.86 |
| Nemotecnia ABCD | Predice transfusión masiva si las 4 variables son presentes: Exceso de base ≥8, Pérdida de sangre >1,500 mL, Hipotermia <35° C, Escala de NISS>35 | X | -- | X | 0.87 |
| TASH | Puntaje >16 predice transfusión masiva, puntaje máximo 27: Las variables evaluadas son: PAS, Hemoglobina, Presencia de líquido intraabdominal, Presencia de fracturas complejas de hueso largo o pélvico, FC, Exceso de base, Género masculino | X | X | X | 0.89 |
*FC: Frecuencia Cardiaca, PAS: Presión Arterial Sistólica.
ABC: Assessment of Blood Consumption score
TASH: Trauma asociado a una hemorragia severa
ABCD: A: Vía aérea B: Respiración C: Circulatoria D: Discapacidad
MTP: Protocolo de transfusión masiva
Resumen de los elementos críticos de una tromboelastografía .
| Fase de Hemostasia | Parametro | Valores Normales | Descripción | Interpretación en un paciente hipocoaguloble |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activación | R time | 5-10 minutos | Periodo de latencia desde el inicio de la prueba hasta la formación de fibrina inicial | Si R time>10 minutos, se considera: PFC, complejo de protrombina o reversión de anticoagulante |
| Amplificación | K time | 1-3 minutos | Tiempo “cinético” para lograr estabilidad del trombo, equivalente a una amplitud de 20 mm | Si K time >3 minutos, se considera: Concentrado de fibrinógeno o crioprecipitado |
| Propagación | α angle | 53.0-70.0 mm | Angulo entre R y línea imaginaria desde el momento la formación del trombo hasta el punto de trombo máximo, relacionado a K time | Si α angle <53 mm, se considera: Concentrado de fibrinógeno o crioprecipitado |
| Terminación | MA angle | 50-70 mm | Curva máxima que representa la fuerza máxima del trombo | Si MA <50 mm, se considera: Plaquetas |
| Fibrinólisis | LY30 | 0-3% | Porcentaje de la reducción de la amplitud 30 minutos después del MA | Si LY30 >3%, se considera: Acido tranexámico |
Los beneficios de sangre total comparado a terapia con componentes durante la reanimación de control de daños .
| Componentes | Sangre Total |
|---|---|
| Mayor volumen de aditivos y anticoagulantes | Menor volumen de aditivos y anticoagulantes |
| Se requiere la transfusión en 3 bolsas | Se requiere la transfusión de solo 1 bolsa |
| Aplicable en pocos hospitales del mundo | Fácil de replicar |
| Menos accesible en el entorno prehospitalario y en entornos de recursos limitados | Fácil para implementar en el entorno prehospitalario y en entornos de recursos limitados |
| Más costoso | Más económico |
| 1) Why was this study conducted? |
| This study aims to discuss the emerging role that whole blood is playing in hemostatic resuscitation for severely injured trauma patients in hemorrhagic shock. |
| 2) What were the most relevant results of the study? |
| In damage control resuscitation, the gold standard for resuscitation is a balanced component therapy with a 1:1:1 ratio. This strategy attempts to imitate the composition of the fluid that has been lost, shining light on the new proposals for the use of whole blood in hemostatic resuscitation. |
| 3) What do these results contribute? |
| Whole blood confers numerous practical advantages over component therapy. |
| 1) ¿Por qué se realizó este estudio? |
| Este estudio tiene como objetivo discutir el rol de la sangre total en la resucitación hemostática de los pacientes con trauma severo y shock hemorrágico |
| 2) ¿Cuáles fueron los resultados más relevantes del estudio? |
| El estándar de oro en la resucitación hemostática es un balance de hemocomponentes con una proporción 1:1:1, buscando imitar la composición de la sangre perdida. La sangre total es la nueva estrategia en la resucitación hemostática |
| 3¿Qué aportan estos resultados? |
| La sangre total confiere ventajas practicas sobre la terapia de hemo componentes. |