Phillip Zhe Sun1,2. 1. Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 2. Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: CEST MRI omega plot quantifies the labile proton fraction ratio (fr ) and exchange rate (ksw ), yet it assumes long RF saturation time (Ts) and relaxation delay (Td). Our study aimed to test if a quasi-steady-state (QUASS) CEST analysis that accounts for the effect of finite Ts and Td could improve the accuracy of CEST MRI quantification. METHODS: We modeled the MRI signal evolution using a typical CEST EPI sequence. The signal relaxes toward its thermal equilibrium following the bulk water relaxation rate during Td, and then toward its CEST steady state following the spin-lock relaxation rate during Ts from which the QUASS CEST effect is derived. Both fr and ksw were solved from simulated conventional apparent CEST and QUASS CEST MRI. We also performed MRI experiments from a Cr-gel phantom under serially varied Ts and Td times from 1.5 to 7.5 s. RESULTS: Simulation showed that, although ksw could be slightly overestimated (3%-15%) for the range of Ts and Td, fr could be substantially underestimated by as much as 67%. In contrast, the QUASS solution provided accurate ksw and fr determination within 2%. The CEST MRI experiments confirmed that the QUASS solution enabled robust quantification of ksw and fr , superior over the omega plot analysis based on the conventional apparent CEST MRI measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The QUASS CEST MRI algorithm corrects the effect of finite Ts and Td times on CEST measurements, thereby allowing robust and accurate CEST quantification.
PURPOSE: CEST MRI omega plot quantifies the labile proton fraction ratio (fr ) and exchange rate (ksw ), yet it assumes long RF saturation time (Ts) and relaxation delay (Td). Our study aimed to test if a quasi-steady-state (QUASS) CEST analysis that accounts for the effect of finite Ts and Td could improve the accuracy of CEST MRI quantification. METHODS: We modeled the MRI signal evolution using a typical CEST EPI sequence. The signal relaxes toward its thermal equilibrium following the bulk water relaxation rate during Td, and then toward its CEST steady state following the spin-lock relaxation rate during Ts from which the QUASS CEST effect is derived. Both fr and ksw were solved from simulated conventional apparent CEST and QUASS CEST MRI. We also performed MRI experiments from a Cr-gel phantom under serially varied Ts and Td times from 1.5 to 7.5 s. RESULTS: Simulation showed that, although ksw could be slightly overestimated (3%-15%) for the range of Ts and Td, fr could be substantially underestimated by as much as 67%. In contrast, the QUASS solution provided accurate ksw and fr determination within 2%. The CEST MRI experiments confirmed that the QUASS solution enabled robust quantification of ksw and fr , superior over the omega plot analysis based on the conventional apparent CEST MRI measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The QUASS CEST MRI algorithm corrects the effect of finite Ts and Td times on CEST measurements, thereby allowing robust and accurate CEST quantification.
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