Sivesh K Kamarajah1,2, Anantha Madhavan1, Jakub Chmelo1, Maziar Navidi1, Shajahan Wahed1, Arul Immanuel1, Nick Hayes1, S Michael Griffin1, Alexander W Phillips3,4. 1. Northern Oesophagogastric Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University Trust Hospitals, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK. 2. Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK. 3. Northern Oesophagogastric Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University Trust Hospitals, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK. awphillips@doctors.net.uk. 4. School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK. awphillips@doctors.net.uk.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Esophagectomy is a key component in the curative treatment of esophageal cancer. Little is understood about the impact of smoking status on perioperative morbidity and mortality and the long-term outcome of patients following esophagectomy. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate morbidity and mortality according to smoking status in patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing two-stage transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE) for esophageal cancers (adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma) between January 1997 and December 2016 at the Northern Oesophagogastric Unit were included from a prospectively maintained database. The main explanatory variable was smoking status, defined as current smoker, ex-smoker, and non-smoker. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), while secondary outcomes included perioperative complications (overall, anastomotic leaks, and pulmonary complications) and survival (cancer-specific survival [CSS], recurrence-free survival [RFS]). RESULTS: During the study period, 1168 patients underwent esophagectomy for cancer. Of these, 24% (n = 282) were current smokers and only 30% (n = 356) had never smoked. The median OS of current smokers was significantly shorter than ex-smokers and non-smokers (median 36 vs. 42 vs. 48 months; p = 0.015). However, on adjusted analysis, there was no significant difference in long-term OS between smoking status in the entire cohort. The overall complication rates were significantly higher with current smokers compared with ex-smokers or non-smokers (73% vs. 66% vs. 62%; p = 0.018), and there were no significant differences in anastomotic leaks and pulmonary complications between the groups. On subgroup analysis by receipt of neoadjuvant therapy and tumor histology, smoking status did not impact long-term survival in adjusted multivariable analyses. CONCLUSION: Although smoking is associated with higher rates of short-term perioperative morbidity, it does not affect long-term OS, CSS, and RFS following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Therefore, implementation of perioperative pathways to optimize patients may help reduce the risk of complications.
INTRODUCTION: Esophagectomy is a key component in the curative treatment of esophageal cancer. Little is understood about the impact of smoking status on perioperative morbidity and mortality and the long-term outcome of patients following esophagectomy. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate morbidity and mortality according to smoking status in patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing two-stage transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE) for esophageal cancers (adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma) between January 1997 and December 2016 at the Northern Oesophagogastric Unit were included from a prospectively maintained database. The main explanatory variable was smoking status, defined as current smoker, ex-smoker, and non-smoker. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), while secondary outcomes included perioperative complications (overall, anastomotic leaks, and pulmonary complications) and survival (cancer-specific survival [CSS], recurrence-free survival [RFS]). RESULTS: During the study period, 1168 patients underwent esophagectomy for cancer. Of these, 24% (n = 282) were current smokers and only 30% (n = 356) had never smoked. The median OS of current smokers was significantly shorter than ex-smokers and non-smokers (median 36 vs. 42 vs. 48 months; p = 0.015). However, on adjusted analysis, there was no significant difference in long-term OS between smoking status in the entire cohort. The overall complication rates were significantly higher with current smokers compared with ex-smokers or non-smokers (73% vs. 66% vs. 62%; p = 0.018), and there were no significant differences in anastomotic leaks and pulmonary complications between the groups. On subgroup analysis by receipt of neoadjuvant therapy and tumor histology, smoking status did not impact long-term survival in adjusted multivariable analyses. CONCLUSION: Although smoking is associated with higher rates of short-term perioperative morbidity, it does not affect long-term OS, CSS, and RFS following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Therefore, implementation of perioperative pathways to optimize patients may help reduce the risk of complications.
Authors: Brechtje A Grotenhuis; Pieter van Hagen; Johannes B Reitsma; Sjoerd M Lagarde; Bas P L Wijnhoven; Mark I van Berge Henegouwen; Hugo W Tilanus; J Jan B van Lanschot Journal: Ann Thorac Surg Date: 2010-09 Impact factor: 4.330
Authors: Urs Zingg; Bernard M Smithers; David C Gotley; Garett Smith; Ahmad Aly; Anthony Clough; Adrian J Esterman; Glyn G Jamieson; David I Watson Journal: Ann Surg Oncol Date: 2010-12-24 Impact factor: 5.344
Authors: C Schieman; D A Wigle; C Deschamps; F C Nichols Iii; S D Cassivi; K R Shen; M S Allen Journal: Dis Esophagus Date: 2012-01-13 Impact factor: 3.429
Authors: Birat Dhungel; Brian S Diggs; John G Hunter; Brett C Sheppard; John T Vetto; James P Dolan Journal: J Gastrointest Surg Date: 2010-09-08 Impact factor: 3.452