Can the Three-Dimensional Heads-Up Display Improve Ergonomics, Surgical Performance, and Ophthalmology Training Compared to Conventional Microscopy?

PURPOSE: To explore ophthalmic surgeons' opinions regarding three-dimensional heads-up display (3D HUD) use and investigate musculoskeletal (MSK) complaints among ophthalmologists.
METHODS: Physicians were invited to complete an online questionnaire. Musculoskeletal complaints and data of the HUD system use were correlated with demographic information. We explored surgeons' feedback on image quality, depth perception, and the educational value of 3D microscopy.
RESULTS: In this study, the prevalence of self-reported MSK pain was 82.6% (n=132). The pain started after joining ophthalmology practice and significantly improves on weekends and vacations. We found that the pain intensity in non-HUD users is higher than in HUD users, but this correlation was not statistically significant. Sixty-one (84.7%) of HUD system users were satisfied with depth perception, and 27 (37.5%) reported improvement in peripheral acuity. Thirty-seven (51.4%) of the participants believed they perform surgeries better through HUD; this was why most participants (83.3%) recommended its use in surgical training.
CONCLUSION: Heads-up display use provides more comfortable sitting positions for surgeons, superior depth perception, and serves as a better educational tool. We believe that adopting this technology may help improve career longevity and productivity.

Introduction

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSK Disorders) are prevalent among ophthalmologists.1–4 Long-term use of conventional microscopy is associated with MSK discomfort and fatigue, which can limit the surgeons’ career longevity leading to early retirement.5,6

Fortunately, new technology such as the three-dimensional (3D) display systems allows surgeons to perform surgery with more comfort by viewing the microscopic image on a large screen, allowing surgeons to operate in a “heads-up” position; a more natural body posture. The HUD system also can allow the surgeon to move freely without compromising the image quality7 Figure 1. The HUD system offers more benefits over the conventional ophthalmic microscope by allowing good visualization with lower illumination levels, enhanced depth perception, presence of an integrated vitrectomy or phacoemulsification machine data feedback, and providing similar visualization of the surgery for both primary surgeon and assistant surgeon as well as other staff in the operating theater.8–10 The HUD system also provides similar surgical duration, visual outcomes, and complication rates compared to conventional surgery.7,11 Additionally, the large screen offers better use of intraoperative OCT device (iOCT) that can be fully integrated into the HUD system without limiting the surgeons' view as in the case of iOCT mounted conventional microscope.12

Figure 1

(A) Image showing a surgeon (Author A.A.) performing surgery through a heads-up display system. (B) Image showing a surgeon performing surgery through the conventional ophthalmic microscope (Courtesy of Dr Faisal AlQahtani, vitreoretinal division, KKESH). The surgeon in figure 1B provided informed consent for the image to be published.

This study aimed to evaluate the factors that may make the 3D heads-up display a better alternative to conventional microscopy in improving ergonomic, image quality, and educational experience.

Methods

The current study was approved by the institutional review board at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (KKESH) (number: 2081-P). All study conducts adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. A cross-sectional survey was conducted through an online self-administered 28-items questionnaire () between July 2 and 20, 2020. The study participants included ophthalmology consultants, fellows, and residents. Participation was voluntary, complete anonymity was ensured, and participants provided informed consent. The survey was distributed using professional social media platforms (LinkedIn) or direct invitation through text messages or WhatsApp.

The survey included data on demographic characteristics (age, gender, height, weight, and physical activity level), years of practice in the ophthalmology field, subspecialty, number of cases performed using HUD, weekly hours spent in surgery, and factors that might lead to adopting 3D technology in both technical and educational point of view.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM Software). Continuous variables were tested for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test, and then they were expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). Student’s t-test was used to examine the association between continuous variables (age, body mass index (BMI), and pain intensity) and the use of the HUD system and pain experience. Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages. The associations between categorical variables were tested using Pearson’s Chi-squared or Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests as appropriate. Significance was denoted as: *P < 0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001.

Results

One hundred and forty ophthalmic surgeons participated in this study. The study demographics are shown in Table 1. Fifty-seven percent of the participants were at the consultant level. Around 65% of the overall participants were vitreoretinal surgeons. Two-thirds of the participants had 10 years or less experience in the ophthalmology field. Despite 65% of the participants reporting they are aware of the importance of workplace ergonomics, the prevalence of self-reported pain in this study was 82.6% (123 participants) (Table 2). Of those, 78.9% stated their MSK complaints started after joining ophthalmology (p-value <0.001), and 76% reported that their pain was alleviated during weekends and vacations (p-value <0.001). Two-thirds of participants reported that this pain affected their daily activities. Participants also reported that pain is mostly localized in the lower back and neck regions. We found no differences in the self-reported pain locations between the HUD and non-HUD users (p=0.5) (Figure 2). A comparison of means using independent Student’s t-test was performed to exclude factors associated with MSK pain development, such as age and body mass index, and we found no significant difference. There was an increase in pain intensity with work experience, but this correlation was not statistically significant. Also, pain intensity was equally distributed between ophthalmic subspecialties and did not increase with the number of surgeries performed weekly.

Table 1

Characteristics of the Study Participants (n=149)

Characteristics	N	%
Age (years) Mean±SD	36.7±9.7
Sex
Male	112	75.2
Female	37	24.8
BMI (kg/m2)* Mean±SD	25.1±3.6
Subspecialty
Retina	84	56.4
Other	65	43.6
Experience (years)
1–10	99	66.4
≥11	50	33.6
Current surgeon level
Resident	34	22.8
Fellow	29	19.5
Consultant	85	57.0
Prevalence of pain	123	82.6

Abbreviation: *BMI, body mass index.

Table 2

Risk Factors of Musculoskeletal Pain Among Participants

	Have You Experienced Musculoskeletal Pain in the Past 5 Years?		P
	Total (n = 149)	Yes (n = 123)
Pain before ophthalmology service			<0.001
Yes	26	26
No	97	97
Subspecialty
Retina	84	69
Cornea	19	18
Glaucoma	8	5
Comprehensive	4	4
Pediatric ophthalmology	2	2
Experience (years)
1–5	49	38
6–10	50	44
11–15	21	17
16–20	12	10
20+	17	14
Current surgeon level
Resident	34	27
Fellow	29	24
Consultant	85	71
Surgical volume (hours/week)
<3	36	28
3–6	55	51
7–10	42	31
11–14	13	10
15+	3	3
Activity level (hours/week)
None	24	17
1–3	68	59
4–6	31	25
7–9	11	10
10+	15	12
Pain decreases during weekends and vacations			<0.001
Yes	94	94
No	29	29
Impact on QoL*			<0.001
Yes	41	41
No	82	82
Knowledge of workplace ergonomics
Yes	97	81
No	52	42

Abbreviation: *QoL, quality of life.

Figure 2

Self-reported pain locations according to the study participants (n=123).

Participants were then divided into two groups (HUD users and non-HUD users) to evaluate the factors that might affect image quality, teaching experience, and surgeons’ posture during surgery to prevent MSK disorders. Table 3 summarizes the characteristics of HUD users and non-HUD users. The majority of the HUD users were Vitreoretinal surgeons (n=59,81.9%), and most of them were consultants (n=48, 66.7%). Figure 3 shows that HUD users (9.60±4.85) had a significantly higher level of experience compared to non-HUD users (6.80±4.09) (p < 0.01). The number of surgeries per week was significantly higher in HUD users (7.43±3.15) compared to non-HUD users (3.78±2.83) (p < 0.001) (Figure 4). Also, these data suggest there was a trend that pain intensity in non-HUD users (3.92±2.26) is higher than in HUD users (3.64±2.51), but this correlation was not statistically significant (P = 0.16).

Table 3

Characteristics of the Heads-Up Display System Users and Non-Users

Characteristics	Use the Heads-Up Display System				P
	Yes (n =72)		No (n =77)
	n	%	n	%
Subspecialty					0.001
Retina	59	70.2	25	29.8
Cornea	5	26.3	14	73.7
Glaucoma	3	37.5	5	62.5
Comprehensive	2	50	2	50
Pediatric ophthalmology			2	100
Experience (years)					0.003
1–5	14	28.6	35	71.4
6–10	26	52.0	24	48.0
11–15	15	71.4	6	28.6
16–20	9	75.0	3	25.0
20+	8	47.1	9	52.9
Current surgeon level					<0.001
Resident	4	11.8	30	88.2
Fellow	20	69.0	9	31.0
Consultant	48	56.5	37	43.5
Hours in surgery/week					<0.001
<3	4	11.1	32	88.9
3–6	23	41.8	32	58.2
7–10	30	71.4	12	28.6
11–14	12	92.3	1	7.7
15+	3	100
Pain location					0.5
Neck	32	32.3	35	30.2
Lower back	31	31.3	44	37.9
Shoulders	28	28.3	30	25.9
Wrists	6	6.1	5	4.3
Hands	2	2	2	1.7

Figure 3

Level of experience among HUD users vs non-HUD users (**P <0.01).

Figure 4

The number of surgeries performed weekly in HUD users vs non-HUD users (***P <0.001).

Regarding HUD users’ experience feedback, 27 (37.5%) found that the peripheral acuity is better in the HUD system than conventional microscopy. Sixty-one (84.7%) of HUD users found the depth perception is better. Thirty-seven (51.4%) of the participants believed that they perform surgeries better through HUD in conjunction with the currently available instruments, such as small incision vitrectomy instruments and machines. Forty-nine (68.1%) of the HUD users found it a valuable educational tool. Also, 60 (83.3%) users recommended its use in surgical training, and 50 (69.4%) recommended using it in general (Table 4).

Table 4

Performance of the Heads-Up Display System Compared to the Conventional Ophthalmic Microscope (n=72)

Characteristics		n	%
Peripheral acuity	Better	27	37.5
	Worse	16	22.2
	No difference	29	40.3
Depth perception	Better	61	84.7
	Worse	5	6.9
	No difference	6	8.3
Integration with current ophthalmic equipment	Better	37	51.4
	Worse	11	15.3
	No difference	24	33.3
Educational value	Better	49	68.1
	Worse	1	1.4
	Maybe	5	6.9
	Not applicable (not involved in training)	17	23.6
Recommended using HUD* in education	Yes	60	83.3
	No	3	4.2
	Neutral	9	12.5
Recommended using HUD* generally	Yes	50	69.4
	No	2	2.8
	Neutral	20	27.8

Note: *Heads-up display.

Discussion

Ophthalmologists are vulnerable to work-related MSK disorders due to the nature of their work, which requires repetitive tasks in non-neutral postures for a long time, including performing examinations at the slit-lamp, using indirect ophthalmoscopy or performing surgeries using the operative microscope.13 Interestingly, these tasks were found to require greater muscular demands compared to other activities such as computer use for documentation, applying drops to the patients, or checking visual acuity.14 The American Academy of Ophthalmology provides many resources and online courses to address workplace ergonomics.15 Most of the ophthalmologists who reported pain were aware of the importance of workplace ergonomics.

Similar to other reports, we found that the prevalence of MSK pain among ophthalmologists is high (78.5%) and is higher among consultants with a higher level of experience. Also, we found this pain is alleviated during vacations and was less in individuals who exercised regularly.1–4,16

Modification of posture during surgery is essential to protect against MSK disorders. However, Droezea and Jonssonb reported that difficulties in changing old routines are the most commonly reported barriers among their study participants.17 Interestingly, HUD users in our study were aware of the importance of workplace ergonomics. One of the advantages of using the HUD system is that it allows surgeons to operate in a more neutral position. In our study, most HUD users reported that their pain did not increase when using the HUD system. This finding was also reported in a previous study.6 Although HUD users had significantly higher working experience and more hours of surgeries per week than non-HUD users, the HUD users’ pain was similar to non-HUD users, indicating that HUD might be more ergonomically friendly for ophthalmologists.

Depth perception is very important during vitreoretinal surgery, particularly macular surgeries. It can ensure procedure safety and also facilitate bimanual techniques. Consistent with previously published studies, most of our participants believed that the HUD system provides better depth perception than traditional microscopy.6–8,10,18 Visualization of peripheral retina is critical during vitreoretinal procedures, especially during vitreous base shaving near the ora serrata and during peripheral retina examination before concluding the surgery. Our results were consistent with a previous report by Agranat et al, which showed that peripheral acuity through HUD is at least good as conventional microscopy.10 Our results also indicate no issue with integrating the HUD system with the currently used equipment, eg, vitrectomy machine and forceps. Also, two-third of the HUD users found the device technically feasible. In the pilot study by Talcott et al, they reported longer peel time and less ease of use during macular surgery that was attributed to the learning curve of this new technology. However, their finding was not associated with overall longer surgical duration and higher complications rate when compared to the conventional microscope.19

Our findings support our belief that HUD has superior educational value. Most HUD users in our study, including trainees, believed that the system performs better during surgical teaching than the traditional microscope. Assistants and trainees can see the same view as the primary surgeon, allowing better communication and understanding.11,20 It can also facilitate instruction only by moving the pointer to the area of interest to show where pathology is located and where the surgical maneuver is needed.21 Because of the HUD’s advantages as an educational tool, most HUD users in our report recommended its use as a teaching tool. The experiment conducted by Eckardt and Paulo demonstrated that learning to operate using HUD is not difficult. In their study, they included participants who had no experience with microsurgery. However, participants felt that HUD use is easier or no different than the traditional microscope in performing tasks given by the researchers.7

The first ophthalmic procedure performed by the 3D display system was an anterior segment procedure; cataract surgery, in 2009.22 Nevertheless, there was a relative delay in adopting this technology by the anterior segment surgeons. This could be due to 80-ms latency present in the older versions; however, this issue has been nearly eliminated in the most recent platform.23 In his recent study, Weinstock et al found that performing cataract surgery with HUD was as safe and effective as the conventional microscope with a similar complication rate.11 Anterior segment surgeons who participated in our study who used HUD also believe that this technology performs better in terms of peripheral acuity, depth perception, and surgical education compared to conventional microscopy. Also, visualization using HUD provides a more detailed view, even with higher magnification. Each layer stays clear regardless of the depth of focus. This ability was found advantageous during critical steps of the Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) procedure, such as determining the correct position of the Descemet membrane roll.24

Interestingly, we observed that those between 11 and 20 years of experience are more likely to adopt this technology and can be categorized according to the diffusion of innovations theory by E. M. Roger’s in 1962 into early adaptors or early majority.25 We speculate this might be related to the fact that they are more comfortable at this stage of their career. Therefore, they are more open to adopting new techniques and technologies. Another explanation of adopting HUD in this group might be related to their own experience of MSK problems after many years of using conventional microscopes and high surgical volume, thereby shifting to a more ergonomic option. A major hurdle in adopting this technology is its cost, and several of our participants do not seem to find the cost justified when used outside academic institutions.10 One of the participants in this study complained of diplopia when using the system and reported that this issue would prevent using this technology again. One explanation of this phenomenon might be related to the vergence–accommodation conflicts theory by Hoffman et al (2008). The idea behind this theory is while using the 3D display systems; the vergence stimulus varies depending on where the viewer looks while the focal distance remains fixed; the difference in those distances requires an effort to overcome the normal coupling between vergence and accommodation, and this effort appears to lead to visual fatigue and discomfort.26 Another explanation could be the exacerbation of preexistent exophoria in the user while operating through the 3D visualization system.27 Also, Terzić and Hansard discussed many other visual discomfort reasons while using stereoscopic 3D display systems. These factors include crosstalk or ghosting (incomplete separation of both eyes images), inappropriate disparity (misalignments or mismatches between the left and right views), in-depth motion, and the puppet theatre effect (inconsistent retinal disparity cues with the expected sizes of observed objects).28 In their case–control study, Zhang et al reported three main difficulties during surgery through HUD. These difficulties occurred with the movement of the patient’s head during scleral indentation, surgeon disturbance by amplified opacity located in the cornea, anterior, or posterior lens capsule, and nausea and dizziness experienced when performing prolonged laser photocoagulation. However, the authors reported complaint resolution after a short break without switching to the conventional microscope.29

The current study is limited by its cross-sectional design, small sample size, and participants’ self-selection. Also, our survey did not include other less commonly reported side effects of HUD, such as eye fatigue or experience of motion sickness. Likewise, we did not include questions about participants’ opinions on performance of some manual surgical techniques like suturing while using HUD vs conventional microscopy. However, this is the first study to report factors that might lead to a better surgical and educational experience for surgeons and trainees and their possible role in preventing MSD among ophthalmologists.

In conclusion, many ophthalmologists using the heads-up 3D visualization display found the system has better ergonomics, superior visualization, and improved training experience. According to our data, musculoskeletal complaints remain a problem among ophthalmologists, even in HUD users. Institutions should focus on solutions to improve the workplace environment and reducing occupational hazards while progressing in the field.