Digital Survey Assessment of Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Complaints Among US Ophthalmologists.

PURPOSE: To quantify features of musculoskeletal (MSK) complaints among US ophthalmologists and analyze factors related to symptom severity.
METHODS: Cornea, glaucoma, retina, and comprehensive practitioners were invited to complete a web-based survey via email. Data on demographics, practice and procedural volumes, wellness activities, job stress, MSK health, the Total Disability Index (TDI), and ergonomics were collected. Significance testing was performed to evaluate factors related to TDI score.
RESULTS: Of the 245 ophthalmologists contacted, 58.8% (n = 144) responded at least in part to the survey. Pain episodes were reported in 81.4% (n = 83) of 102 respondents, with 48.1% (n = 49) experiencing daily or weekly attacks. The neck, low back, and shoulders were commonly affected, yet only 57.1% (n=20) of those with shoulder pain reported a corresponding diagnosis. The mean TDI score was 6.2 ± 7.3%, indicating minimal disability related to the spine. Demographics, volume metrics, and wellness hours were each not significantly associated with TDI score (p > 0.05). Higher job stress ratings were reported by those who experienced more frequent pain attacks (p = 0.02) and those with higher TDI scores (p = 0.001). Greater difficulty with clinic, laser, and surgery job tasks was observed in respondents with higher TDI scores (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, and p < 0.001) and more bodily pain locations (p = 0.002, p = 0.002, and p = 0.001). Respondents who pursued practice modifications (p = 0.03) and treatments (p = 0.01) to reduce or prevent pain had higher mean TDI scores, and 94.2% of respondents (n = 97) were interested in learning more about ergonomics.
CONCLUSION: Mild MSK complaints were highly prevalent among the surveyed ophthalmologists, and a similar trend could be expected for other US ophthalmologists. Greater frequency and severity of pain may contribute to physician burnout. There may be underdiagnosis of MSK pathology yet also high demand for ergonomic strategies and MSK treatments, suggesting a need for practical solutions.

Introduction

There is increasing interest in identifying and reducing the occupational hazards of practicing ophthalmology. In prior studies, over half of eye specialists surveyed reported musculoskeletal (MSK) complaints, particularly in the neck, back, and upper extremity.1–10 Issues have been severe enough to cause some ophthalmologists to decrease their case load or cease conducting surgical procedures.9,10 Pain has been reported in both the clinic and surgical settings, with many eye physicians believing that the use of tools like slit lamps, indirect ophthalmoscopes, surgical microscopes, and loupes contribute to their symptoms.5,6,10 Microsurgery in general appears to affect MSK dysfunction, with suspected mechanisms including sustained forward head posture, muscular fatigue, and awkward positioning caused by equipment.11,12 One comparative analysis found that ophthalmologists were not only more likely to experience neck, hand/wrist, or back pain compared to family practitioners, but also more frequently reported high-strain work.8

This current study was designed to comprehensively quantify the practice settings, bodily locations, frequency, intensity, and effects of MSK issues among US ophthalmologists, and to explore factors associated with symptom severity. To more precisely define symptom severity and functional impairment than previous research, we utilized the 14-item Total Disability Index (TDI).13 The TDI provides a statistically validated composite measure of pain and disability related to the neck and back.14 It was hypothesized that ophthalmologists with larger workloads would have higher TDI scores, and that those with higher TDI scores would experience greater self-reported job stress.

Methods

IRB exemption for this cross-sectional digital survey study was obtained from Sterling IRB (Atlanta, GA). Participants were informed of the purpose, data usage, anonymity, and voluntariness of the study preceding survey administration for implied consent. No incentives were provided for completion, and once in the survey, a participant could leave at any time. All data was collected anonymously. Conduct of the study was performed in accordance with the standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The questionnaire was designed on SurveyMonkey and emailed to US ophthalmologists practicing in comprehensive ophthalmology, cornea, glaucoma, and retina. Invitations were sent from August 2020 to January 2021. Email addresses were obtained through academic departments, ophthalmology professional groups, and the personal networks of the authors. A goal of at least 100 respondents was set for this convenience sample, and no power calculations for sample size were made in advance.

The survey included questions relating to demographics, practice volumes, procedural volumes, social history, MSK health, job task difficulties, job stress, the TDI, and ergonomics. MSK complaints were defined as pain, discomfort, or disability episodes. Difficulties with clinic exam, in-office lasers, and surgery due to musculoskeletal symptoms were each self-rated with levels including “does not affect,” “makes it slightly more difficult,” “moderately more difficult,” “significantly more difficult,” and “caused me to stop this activity.” Job stress was self-rated on a 1–7 scale with 1 indicating “not stressful at all,” 4 being “moderately stressful,” and 7 equating to “extremely stressful.” The TDI was scored out of 100%, with higher percentages indicating greater disability. Scores from 0–20% indicate mild disability, 21–40% moderate disability, 41–60% severe disability, 61–80% crippling disability, and 81–100% bed-bound status. The full survey is available in PDF form in .

Questions were asked relative to the February 2019-February 2020 period, in order to avoid confounding effects from the practice changes incurred by the COVID-19 pandemic. To minimize survey dropout, SurveyMonkey’s “question piping” feature was used. Piping allowed respondents to received certain questions only when relevant. For instance, if a surgeon selected “retina” as their sole subspecialty, they would not be asked cornea questions later in the survey. For questions skipped due to piping, data was coded as “none,” “no,” or “0” where appropriate. Due to piping, respondents would receive a range of 25–60 total questions.

The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism for Mac (v. 8, GraphPad Software) and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Mac (v. 27, IBM). Descriptive statistics were compiled. Student’s t-test, one-way ANOVA, and univariate linear regressions without adjustment were performed to evaluate how demographic factors, practice volumes, surgical volumes, and wellness activities correlated with TDI scores. Univariate ordinal regressions without adjustment tested how TDI scores, number of bodily pain locations, and number of previous MSK diagnoses associated with ophthalmologist job task difficulty. Univariate ordinal regression without adjustment evaluated the relationship between TDI score and job stress, while Student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA tested how the presence of MSK pain and pain episode frequency, respectively, associated with stress. For the outcomes of workplace changes and treatment use, chi-square testing assessed the impact of MSK pain presence and pain episode frequency. Student’s t-test determined how TDI scores compared between those who made adjustments for pain and those who had not. Chi-square testing evaluated outcomes related to ergonomic learning, interest, and assistance. Continuous values were reported as mean ± standard deviation. Significance was set at p<0.05.

Results

In total, 245 ophthalmologists were contacted, with 58.8% (n=144) answering at least part of the survey. All eligible questions, as determined by question piping, were completed by 40.4% (n=99) of respondents. Demographic features are compiled in Table 1. The average respondent was middle-aged, with a healthy Body Mass Index and over 20 years of practice experience. Both age (50.0 ± 10.4; p=0.21) and years in practice (20.8 ± 10.4; p=0.13) were normally distributed by the Shapiro–Wilk test. Women comprised 23.6% (n=34) of respondents, an amount significantly less than men by t-test (p<0.001). Racially, 25.0% (n=36) of the sample was nonwhite.

Table 1

Demographic Features of Ophthalmologists Surveyed

Parameter	Value
Age (mean years ± SD)	50.0 ± 10.4
Race/Ethnicity (N, %)
White	108, 75.0%
Asian	26, 18.1%
Black	4, 2.8%
Hispanic/Latino	4, 2.8%
Other	2, 1.4%
Female (N, %)	34, 23.6%
Body Mass Index (mean ± SD)	24.4 ± 3.4
Years in Practice (mean ± SD)	20.8 ± 10.4
Subspecialization (N, %)
Cornea	49, 34.0%
Comprehensive	43, 29.9%
Glaucoma	36, 25.0%
Retina	11, 7.6%
Cornea and Glaucoma	5, 3.5%

Cornea was the most selected subspecialization at 34.0% (n=49), while the least represented individual subspecialization was retina at 7.6% (n=11). Most surveyed ophthalmologists (93.5%, n=130) performed eye surgery, with the average respondent completing a high volume of total surgical cases in one year (1081.5 ± 1155.1). Moreover, respondents performed an average of 5424.5 ± 3664.9 outpatient visits and 264.7 ± 308.9 in-office lasers annually. Average hours spent working amounted to 44.9 ± 11.3 hours/week and 2096.6 ± 576.1 hours/year, with 25.2 ± 14.8 hours of the workweek spent utilizing a computer.

In terms of musculoskeletal complaints, 102 respondents answered the MSK section and 72.5% (n=74) reported a history of any MSK diagnosis, while 81.4% (n=83) reported MSK pain, discomfort, or disability episodes from February 2019 to February 2020. Ophthalmologists who specialized in both cornea and glaucoma reported the highest rate of prior MSK diagnoses (100%, n=3), while cornea specialists (66.7%, n=26) and retina specialists (66.7%, n=6) reported the lowest rates. One-year MSK complaints were most frequent in comprehensive practitioners (88.0%, n=22) and least frequent in those specializing in both cornea and glaucoma (66.7%, n=2). Daily or weekly pain episodes were experienced by 48.1% (n=49) of the ophthalmologists surveyed. Among the 83 reporting MSK episodes, 77.1% (n=64) described their pain as chronic, with the mean duration of pain being 87.8 ± 114.4 months. The most common pain locations were the cervical spine (59.0%, n=49), lumbar spine (50.6%, n=42), and shoulders (42.2%, n=35) (Table 2). Least common was pain in the hips, knees, feet (10.8%, n=9 each) and elbows (6.0%, n=5). For those reporting shoulder pain, 57.1% (n=20) had a history of a shoulder diagnosis. Among thoracic or lumbar back pain sufferers, 64.8% (n=54) had a back-related diagnosis, while for cervical pain sufferers, 71.4% (n=35) reported a neck-related diagnosis. Prior diagnoses are compiled on Table 3.

Table 2

Body Parts Affected Among Those Reporting Pain Episodes

Location of Pain (N=83)	N, %a
Cervical spine	49, 59.0%
Lumbar spine	42, 50.6%
Shoulders	35, 42.2%
Thoracic spine	22, 26.5%
Wrists and fingers	15, 18.1%
Hips	9, 10.8%
Knees	9, 10.8%
Feet and toes	9, 10.8%
Elbows	5, 6.0%

Note: aRespondents could select more than one option.

Table 3

Musculoskeletal (MSK) Diagnosis History

MSK Diagnosis (N=102)	N, %a
Shoulder or rotator cuff disease or injury	35, 34.3%
Unspecified neck pain	31, 30.4%
Lumbar spine or lumbar disc injury or disease	29, 28.4%
No history of MSK diagnosis	28, 27.4%
Unspecified back pain	26, 25.5%
Cervical spine or cervical disc injury or disease	18, 17.6%
Other musculoskeletal disease or injury	16, 15.7%
Lateral or medial epicondylitis	13, 12.7%
Upper extremity arthritis	8, 7.8%
Carpal tunnel syndrome	5, 4.9%
Lower extremity arthritis	5, 4.9%
Thoracic spine or thoracic disc injury or disease	4, 3.9%
De Quervain’s syndrome or trigger finger	2, 2.0%
Bicep tendonitis	2, 2.0%

Note: aRespondents could select more than one option.

Of those reporting pain, the primary sources of exacerbation were surgery (61.4%, n=51) and clinic exams (53.0%, n=44). Computer use (32.5%, n=27) and in-office laser procedures (28.9%, n=24) were relatively less irritating. A fair portion of those with pain reported that their episodes made clinic examination (20.5%, n=17) and surgery (21.3%, n=17) moderately more difficult or worse (Figure 1). Higher TDI score, more bodily pain locations, and more MSK diagnoses were each significantly associated with increased clinic exam and surgery difficulty (Table 4). Higher TDI score and more bodily pain locations were also significantly associated with increased in-office laser difficulty. A few respondents (9.6%, n=8) reported reducing the number of hours worked per week, with a median of 4.5 hours decreased, and 1.2% (n=1) of respondents stopped operating entirely due to pain. Symptoms persisted to the home environment as well, with 63.9% (n=53) of pain sufferers experiencing episodes outside of work.

Figure 1

Percentage of ophthalmologists reporting clinic, laser, surgery, and work hour challenges due to musculoskeletal symptoms.

Table 4

Ordinal Regressions Testing Associations Between Musculoskeletal Complaint Characteristics and Difficulties with Ophthalmologist Job Tasks

Independent Variable	Outcome Variablea
	Clinic Exam Difficulties Attributed to Musculoskeletal Symptoms
	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	p-value	Pseudo-R2
Total Disability Index score	1.131	0.061, 0.185	<0.001	0.192
Number of pain locations	1.697	1.220, 2.360	0.002	0.129
Number of previous MSK diagnoses	1.363	1.090, 1.704	0.007	0.092
	In-Office Laser Difficulties Attributed to Musculoskeletal Symptoms
	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	p-value	Pseudo-R2
Total Disability Index score	1.096	1.028, 1.168	0.005	0.105
Number of pain locations	1.709	1.220, 2.395	0.002	0.127
Number of previous MSK diagnoses	1.206	0.967, 1.503	0.097	0.036
	Surgery Difficulties Attributed to Musculoskeletal Symptoms
	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	p-value	Pseudo-R2
Total Disability Index score	1.149	1.077, 1.227	<0.001	0.223
Number of pain locations	1.808	1.284, 2.544	0.001	0.137
Number of previous MSK diagnoses	1.284	1.021, 1.615	0.033	0.050

Notes: aDifficulties with clinic exam, in-office lasers, and surgery due to musculoskeletal symptoms were each self-rated with levels including “does not affect,” “makes it slightly more difficult,” “moderately more difficult,” “significantly more difficult,” and “caused me to stop this activity.” Odds ratios represent the odds of reporting a more severe response on the scale, and in turn greater difficulty with the task, with a one-unit increase in the independent variable.

The mean Total Disability Index score, inclusive of zeroes, was 6.2 ± 7.3% out of 100%. The median was 4.3%. Both values fall within the minimal disability range. The highest score was 35.7%, indicating moderate disability. Moderate disability scores were observed in 5.0% (n=5) of respondents. Comprehensive practitioners reported the highest mean TDI score at 8.9 ± 9.1%, while those who specialized in both cornea and glaucoma reported the lowest mean score at 2.4 ± 4.1%, though differences by subspecialty were non-significant (p=0.27). In terms of demographics, age (p=0.46), race (p=0.65), height (p=0.15), and years in practice (p=0.71) were not significantly associated with TDI score. Annual outpatient volume (p=0.68), hours worked (p=1.00), surgical volume (p=0.94), and laser volume (p=0.43) also failed to meet significance. Sex was the closest variable to achieving significance (p=0.051), with a possible trend of women experiencing worse disability than men (8.8 ± 9.8% vs 5.4 ± 6.1%, respectively). Detailed findings from the TDI-related linear regressions are included in Table 5.

Table 5

Linear Regressions Testing Associations Between Ophthalmologist Characteristics and Total Disability Index Score

Independent Variable	β	95% Confidence Interval	p-value	R-Squared
Age	0.054	−0.090, 0.198	0.46	0.006
Height	0.221	−0.082, 0.545	0.15	0.021
Years in practice	0.028	−0.119, 0.174	0.71	0.001
Outpatient volume in 1 year	−0.00008	−0.0005, 0.003	0.68	0.002
Hours worked in 1 year	−0.000006	−0.003, 0.003	1.00	0.000002
Surgical volume in 1 year	0.00005	−0.001, 0.001	0.94	0.00006
Laser volume in 1 year	0.002	−0.003, 0.006	0.43	0.006
Weekly wellness hours	0.072	−0.118, 0.262	0.45	0.006

The average respondent committed a total of 7.0 ± 7.6 hours per week to wellness activities. Specifically, 3.6 ± 6.1 hours per week were spent on cardiovascular exercise, 2.0 ± 2.3 hours on strength training, 0.8 ± 1.3 hours on yoga and flexibility, and 0.6 ± 1.4 hours on meditation/mindfulness. Total hours spent on wellness did not significantly correlate with TDI score (p=0.45). Average job stress was rated at 4.7 ± 1.3 out of 7. Based on ordinal regression, TDI score was positively (OR=1.088, 95% CI=1.033, 1.147) and significantly (p=0.001) associated with job stress rating. The presence of MSK pain episodes was not significantly associated with stress level (4.8 ± 1.2 for those with MSK pain vs 4.2 ± 1.6 for those without; p=0.054), but increased frequency of pain episodes was (p=0.02). Those with daily pain had an average job stress score of 5.4 ± 1.3.

Practice modifications made and treatments used to reduce or prevent pain are compiled in Figures 2 and 3. Changing posture was the most frequent practice adjustment, with 67.7% (n=67) of respondents doing so in the operating room and 64.6% (n=64) in the clinic setting. Adding or changing chairs or equipment were least commonly selected. More frequent stretching (58.6%, n=58), exercise (53.5%, n=53), and over-the-counter oral medications (50.5%, n=50) were the most common treatments employed. Prescription opioids and medical marijuana were each used by only 1.0% (n=1) of respondents. The presence of MSK pain episodes was not significantly associated with making workplace adjustments (90.0%, n=72 of those with pain vs 89.5%, n=17 of those without; p=0.95), but was significantly associated with attempting treatment (90.0%, n=72 of those with pain vs 57.9%, n=11 of those without; p<0.001). The frequency of pain episodes was significantly associated with both workplace adjustments (p=0.03) and attempting treatment (p=0.03). 95.0% (n=19) of those with daily pain made adjustments and 90.0% (n=18) attempted treatment. In contrast, for those with pain attacks less frequent than once every few months, 50.0% (n=3) and 83.3% (n=5) made adjustments and attempted treatment, respectively. Ophthalmologists who made at least one practice modification had significantly higher TDI scores than those who did not (6.7 ± 7.5% vs 1.6 ± 2.6%; p=0.03). Similarly, trying at least one treatment was significantly associated with a higher TDI score (7.0 ± 7.6% vs 2.1 ± 3.3%; p=0.01).

Figure 2

Percentage of ophthalmologists who made various workplace adjustments to prevent or reduce musculoskeletal symptoms.

Figure 3

Percentage of ophthalmologists who used various treatments to prevent or reduce musculoskeletal symptoms.

Many respondents (94.2%, n=97) were interested in learning more about ergonomics. Some respondents (27.2%, n=28) had sought the help of an ergonomics specialist, physical therapist, or occupational therapist. The most used ergonomic learning modalities were articles (54.4%, n=56) and colleagues (53.4%, n=55), while the least used were classes (2.9%, n=3) and audio (8.7%, n=9). Of those who had read an article on ergonomics, 98.1% (n=52) made workplace adjustments compared to 80.4% (n=37) of those who did not (p=0.004). Other ergonomic learning modalities, including video (p=0.27), audio (p=0.81), colleagues (p=0.13), classes (p=0.63), and conferences (p=0.97), were not significantly associated with workplace adjustments. Having learned about ergonomics in the past was not significantly associated with interest in learning more about ergonomics (p=0.77) or seeking help from an ergonomics specialist, physical therapist, or occupational therapist (p=0.60).

Discussion

Our findings demonstrate that MSK complaints are highly prevalent among the surveyed US ophthalmologists, with neck, low back, and shoulder pain most common. We observed that 81.4% of the respondents disclosed MSK issues, which is similar to previous survey studies that have reported MSK complaints ranging from 50.0% to 79.6%.1–10 Our percentage may lie on the higher end of reported studies because our survey asked about MSK complaints in a broad fashion (“pain, discomfort, or disability”) within a 1-year time frame, and/or because our sample included many high volume practitioners in terms of surgery and clinic visits.

Our study is the first in the ophthalmic literature to use a statistically validated scale that quantifies the extent of disability associated with the entire spine. The average respondent in our sample had only minimal disability relating to the neck or back based on TDI score, with symptoms being commonly exacerbated by surgery and clinic examinations. Previous studies concur with these results, generally finding that most ophthalmologist pain sufferers report mild severity despite ample workplace irritations.1,2,4,5 However, there were a few respondents in our sample who earned moderate disability scores. Further, pain made performing clinic examinations or surgeries moderately more difficult or worse for around 20% of those reporting symptoms, with 9.6% of sufferers reducing their work hours and 1.2% eliminating surgery from their practice. These values are comparable to the findings of Schechet et al 2021 in a sample containing multiple ophthalmology subspecialties.9 A separate study of oculoplastic surgeons reported that 9.2% of its sample had ended their surgical careers due to pain, a notably higher amount.10 It may be the case that loupe and headlamp use may cause greater musculoskeletal impairment than surgical microscopy.

Our sample conducted a high number of average annual clinic visits (5424.5) and surgical cases (1081.5), yet neither volume correlated with the extent of disability relating to the neck and back. This may be due to our survey only taking a 1-year snapshot of practice volumes. Nonetheless, this lack of significant association follows a pattern seen in multiple previous surveys. Chatterjee et al 1994, Dhimitri et al 2005, Diaconita et al 2018, and Hyer et al 2015 each found that volume metrics such as number of cataract surgeries or hours spent in clinic were not predictive of MSK symptoms.3–6 In contrast, Kitzmann et al 2012 found that number of patients seen per day was significantly associated with neck symptoms, and Schechet et al 2021 found that time spent in surgery was positively correlated with pain severity.8,9 Ambivalent findings may be attributable to a variety of factors. It may be the case that some ophthalmologists feel increased pain while still maintaining a greater workload, while other ophthalmologists have already decreased their practice and surgery volumes prior to being surveyed due to pain, causing a net null calculation. Alternatively, volume metrics may be less impactful than ophthalmologists’ ergonomic habits. Kaup et al 2020 found that good ergonomic practices in the clinic and OR, such as stretching, maintaining spine neutrality, and ensuring appropriate chair heights, were associated with fewer MSK symptoms.7 Perhaps the ideal method to establish the effect of volume metrics on MSK symptoms would be to account for lifetime clinic and surgical numbers, and to define the extent of disability longitudinally. However, this approach would be challenging given recall bias and lack of documentation.

Nearly half of the sample (48.1%) reported daily or weekly pain episodes, a rate that is within the range of prior reports.6,9 Despite the high frequency of symptoms, our study found that there may be an underdiagnosis of MSK diseases in ophthalmologists, especially for shoulder pathologies. Slightly over half (54.2%) of those reporting shoulder pain had a corresponding diagnosis, versus 64.8% with back pain and 71.4% with neck pain. This may be explained by mostly mild impairment in functioning. Ophthalmologists without more severe or disabling symptoms may not actively seek diagnostic evaluation. For comparison, Kitzmann et al 2012 found that 23% of ophthalmologists had an official back pain diagnosis compared to 24% who reported low back pain, 13% slipped/ruptured cervical disc diagnosis vs 46% self-reported neck pain, and 12% rotator cuff tendonitis diagnosis vs 11% self-reported shoulder pain.8 What may explain the difference compared to our results is that prior studies did not specifically examine whether the individuals reporting current pain at those locations were also the same subjects reporting a history of corresponding diagnoses.

Job-related stress scores were positively associated with TDI scores and pain frequency in our sample. Furthermore, those with higher TDI scores, more body parts with pain, and more past MSK diagnoses were more likely to report difficulties while operating and examining patients in clinic. Given that those with greater physical disability experienced greater mental strain and job task challenges, it may be the case that MSK symptoms play a role in ophthalmologist burnout.15 Our findings are supported by those of Dhimitri et al 2005, who found that American ophthalmologists reporting pain symptoms in the neck and back had higher stress scores.4

Most of our sample had made at least one practice adjustment or attempted one form of treatment to prevent or reduce MSK symptoms. As observed in prior surveys, over-the-counter medications were a popular option, while surgeries and opioid use was seldom required.1,3,5,6,9 The high frequency of postural changes and stretching aligns with prior claims that “working in the same position for long periods” and “working in awkward or cramped positions” contribute to ophthalmologists’ pain.8 Furthermore, respondents in our study with greater spine-related disability were more likely to pursue practice modifications or attempt treatments. Combined with our finding that 94.2% of respondents are interested in learning more about ergonomics, it appears that there is considerable demand in ophthalmology for pain relief and MSK prophylaxis strategies.

Our study had a reasonably good response rate compared to other web-based surveys of specialists, which typically average 35.0%.16 A disadvantage of our study is the limited sample size, with relatively fewer female and racial minority respondents. The lack of female representation may have led to insufficient power when comparing TDI scores; one study with a larger sample size found that female ophthalmologists were more likely to experience neck and upper extremity symptoms.4 However, other similar surveys in ophthalmology have reported less than a third of female respondents.6,10 As with any survey study, ours is subject to recall bias, especially with regard to questions that asked about practice or surgical volumes from months prior.17 It is possible that recall bias contributed to the high standard deviations for laser and surgical cases. Furthermore, the cross-sectional design makes it difficult to establish causal relationships. Our study excluded fields in ophthalmology such as neuro-ophthalmology and oculoplastics to streamline question types. Inclusion of these subspecialties may have elucidated additional insight. Furthermore, in terms of sampling technique, the reliance on personal networks and nearby professional organizations for email lists may have led to US Northeast geographic biases.

Future research should explore practical approaches to alleviating and preventing musculoskeletal complaints in the ophthalmologist population. Prospective longitudinal studies could be performed that compare specialist support, such as occupational therapy counseling versus no counseling, to determine any advantages in symptom frequency, symptom severity, and job task impact over a year or more. Similar comparisons could be performed to evaluate specific bodily interventions such as a stretching routine or exercise routine against no regimen. Given that respondents in the current study were more likely to pursue practice modifications if they had read articles on ergonomics, it may be valuable to prospectively examine which methods of ergonomic instruction are most effective at generating beneficial practice changes. Another aspect to analyze would be the impact of novel technological approaches. For example, two recent survey studies have elucidated potential ergonomic benefits to the use of heads-up displays in the ophthalmologist operating suite.18,19 Additionally, to better appreciate the scope of the MSK problem in ophthalmology compared to the general population, future surveys could enlist randomly selected control groups composed of non-ophthalmologists that would be asked identical symptom-related questions.

Conclusion

MSK complaints continue to be prevalent among surveyed US ophthalmologists. The sample better reflected practitioners in the Northeast, but a similar trend could be expected for other US ophthalmologists. Though extent of functional impairment tends to be minimal, many practitioners report frequent pain, discomfort, or disability episodes. More severe disability and higher frequency of pain attacks correlate with greater job stress, which may be implicated in physician burnout. Furthermore, there may be both underdiagnosis of some pathologies and considerable demand for options to treat and prevent MSK symptoms. Overall, there is a need for further, prospective research to explore practical methods of addressing MSK complaints among ophthalmologists.