Cone-beam computed tomography characterization of the intraosseous vascular canal in the lateral wall of the maxillary antrum.

OBJECTIVES: : The purpose of the study was to assess the occurrence, location, and dimensions of the intraosseous vascular canal in the lateral wall of the maxillary antrum using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we examined 400 CBCT scans from our archive of patients who had earlier reported to a dental teaching hospital in the United Arab Emirates. The prevalence, location, and dimensions of the lateral antral intraosseous canal (LAIC) in the maxillary antrum were evaluated by 2 examiners using standardised methods. A third examiner was consulted in cases of disagreement.
RESULTS: The prevalence of LAIC was 62.3% (249 maxillary antra) among the study population. The mean distance between the most inferior point of the alveolar bone and the inferior border of the LAIC in the posterior maxillary region was 19.83±3.12 mm. There was a significant difference (P=0.05) between the maxillary molar and premolar regions in mean distance from the most inferior point of the alveolar bone and the inferior border of the LAIC. There was no statistically significant difference in mean distance between the most inferior point of the alveolar bone and the inferior border of the LAIC between dentulous and edentulous areas (P=0.1). The G3-intrasinusal type canal less than 1mm in diameter was the most common type of LAIC.
CONCLUSION: This study established the approximate location of the LAIC in a United Arab Emirates cohort, which will assist the oral surgeon in selecting the appropriate site for sinus lift procedures with reduced risk of surgical hemorrhage.

I. Introduction

Dental implants are gaining popularity in the Middle East. According to recent surveys in the Middle East, 76% to 80% of respondents with tooth loss were willing to undergo implant therapy[1]. Newer surgical techniques have allowed placement of dental implants in clinical conditions which were previously contraindicated[2]. The lateral window technique in sinus lift surgery is sometimes associated with risk of hemorrhage as a result of inadvertent laceration of the lateral intraosseous blood vessels located in the lateral wall of the maxillary antrum[3,4]. Due to their intraosseous location in the lateral antral wall, these vessels have an estimated 20% chance of sustaining injury during direct sinus lift procedures[5,6]. Recently published studies have revealed variations in occurrence and location of the lateral antral intraosseous canals (LAIC)[4,7-11]. Currently, no studies regarding the incidence and location of the lateral antral intraosseous blood vessels in the Middle Eastern population have been published. We conducted a study to evaluate the occurrence and location of lateral antral intraosseous vascular canals in a United Arab Emirates (UAE) population.

II. Materials and Methods

The study was conducted between January to August 2020. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from 200 patients (400 maxillary sinuses) at Thumbay Dental Hospital, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE, were evaluated in this retrospective study. Prior to commencement of the study, ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Gulf Medical University (No. INT/COD/FR/006-2020), and the written informed consent was obtained from all patients. The CBCT examinations of the sino-nasal variants were performed using a ProMax 3D Mid (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland), operated at 90 kVp and 10 mA with a 9×16 cm field of view. Assessment of CBCT scans was directly performed on a 1,920×1,080 pixel and 23-inch DELL monitor (DELL, Round Rock, TX, USA). Voxel edge length was 0.2 mm, and slice thickness was 1 mm. The CBCT scans of patients with a history of trauma or surgery involving the maxillofacial region or those with clinical or radiographic indication of developmental anomalies affecting the maxillofacial region were excluded from the study. The CBCT scans of subjects with first premolars located anterior to the maxillary antrum were excluded from the study, following research by Mung San Aung et al.[4]. The CBCT scans of the subjects were evaluated by an oral radiologist and an oral surgeon with 10 years of clinical experience. In cases of inter-observer disagreement, a 3rd examiner (an oral surgeon with 10 years of clinical experience) was consulted for the final decision. To determine intra-observer variance, 50 CBCT scans (100 maxillary antra) were examined twice with one-month by the same examiners (r=0.92).

The criteria used for identification and dimensional measurement of LAIC were from the study conducted by Mardinger et al.[12]. According to these criteria, four reference CBCT landmarks were considered for locating the position of the LAIC.(Fig. 1) The reference points were the centres of the crowns of the first premolar, second premolar, first molar, and second molar mesiodistally and bucco-lingually at the level of the alveolar crest in the axial view, with an equivalent distance from the adjacent tooth of the dentate side[13]. The diameters of the LAIC were divided into four categories based on the criteria employed by Mardinger et al.[12] in their computed tomography (CT)-based study. To locate the reference points in the sub-sinusal edentulous maxilla (Fig. 2) and determine the horizontal dimensions of LAIC, the technique devised by Lee et al.[13] was applied. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics (ver. 26; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Fig. 1

Procedure followed for the measurement of lateral antral intraosseous canal (LAIC) location. Lower border of the LAIC (A), lowest point of the alveolar crest (B) used for measurement of distance (C).

Fig. 2

Procedure followed for the measurement of lateral antral intraosseous canal (LAIC) location in edentulous patient. Lower border of the LAIC (A), lowest point of the residual alveolar ridge (B) used for measurement of distance (C).

III. Results

The prevalence of LAIC was 62.3% (249 maxillary antra) among the study population (200 subjects, 400 maxillary antra). Among the 200 CBCT scans, 137 scans (274 maxillary antra) were of male subjects, and 63 scans (126 maxillary antra) were of female subjects. The prevalence of LAIC in the maxillary antra of male subjects was 63.1% (173 maxillary sinuses). The prevalence of LAIC in the maxillary antra of female subjects was 60.3% (76 maxillary antra). There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence of LAIC between male and female subjects (P=0.542). The mean distance between the LAIC and the alveolar crest in the posterior maxillary teeth is stated in Table 1. The mean distance between the most inferior point of the alveolar bone and the inferior border of the LAIC in the posterior maxillary region was 19.83±3.12 mm.

Table 1

Distance between the most inferior point of the alveolar bone and the inferior border of the lateral antral intraosseous canal

Area of dentition	Distance (mm)
Maxillary first molar	16.24±2.59
Maxillary second molar	16.53±2.71
Maxillary first premolar	25.24±3.65
Maxillary second premolar	21.33±3.54

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

There was a significant difference between maxillary molar and premolar regions in mean distance from the most inferior point of the alveolar bone and the inferior border of the LAIC.(Table 2)

Table 2

Comparison of mean distances between maxillary molar and premolar areas

Area of dentition	Distance (mm)	P-value
Maxillary molar area	16.38±2.65	0.05
Maxillary premolar area	23.28±3.59

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

P-value by t-test.

Fifty-three subjects had an edentulous area in the maxillary or mandibular region. Among them, 32 subjects had a sub-sinusal edentulous area (edentulous area extending anteriorly from the mesial aspect of the maxillary first premolar posteriorly to the distal aspect of the maxillary second molar). Among these 32 subjects, 12 had bilateral sub-sinusal edentulous areas and 20 had a unilateral edentulous area. There was no statistically significant difference in mean distance from the most inferior point of the alveolar bone and the inferior border of the LAIC between dentulous and edentulous areas (P=0.1).(Table 3)

Table 3

Comparison of mean distances between dentulous and edentulous areas

Dentulous area vsedentulous area	Distance (mm)	P-value
Dentulous sub-sinusal area	19.86±3.10	0.1
Edentulous sub-sinusal area	19.80±3.15

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

P-value by independent sample t-test.

The LAICs were categorised according to medio-lateral location within the antral wall based on the criteria by Lee et al.[13].(Fig. 3) In only 3 cases, the canal bulged towards the outer side of the wall (G1-extrasinusal).(Fig. 4. A) Canals were embedded within the wall (G2-intraosseous) (Fig. 4. B) in 70 sinus walls, whereas canals bulged towards the inner side of the wall in 176 sinus walls (G3-intrasinusal).(Fig. 4. C) The diameter of the antral canal was classified based on the criteria devised by Mardinger et al.[12]. The diameter was less than 1 mm in the majority of cases (n=113). Eighty-three LAICs had a diameter of 1-2 mm, and 53 LAICS had a diameter of 2-3 mm.(Fig. 5)

Fig. 3

Categorization of the canals based on the medio-lateral location within the antral wall.

Fig. 4

Tomographic appearance of lateral antral intraosseous canals according to classification of Lee et al.[13]. A. G1-extrasinusal type. B. G2-intraosseous type. C. G3-intrasinusal type.

Fig. 5

Categorization of lateral antral intraosseous canals according to diameter of the canals.

IV. Discussion

In the present study, LAIC was detected in 62.3% of 200 CBCT scans. A similar percentage (67.1%) was reported by Rahpeyma et al.[7], although their study only evaluated 35 CBCT scans. In a Thai study of 184 CBCT scans, the LAIC was detected in 60.3% of the samples[4]. Higher percentage was reported in recently conducted studies in a Chinese population[14] (87.6% of 484 CBCT scans) and a Mexican population[15] (90% of 1,005 CBCT scans). One of the earliest reported studies[12] in 2007 demonstrated lateral intraosseous antral canals in 55% of 208 scans. However, the study was conducted using CT. Another CT based study conducted in 2016 reported presence of intraosseus antral canal in 32% of the 284 scans that were examined[13]. Generally, CBCT-based studies show a higher percentage and better detection of LAIC than CT-based studies, perhaps because CBCT tends to display a superior spatial resolution compared to fan beam computed tomography[16]. In addition, some researchers have suggested that the higher spatial resolution observed in CBCT is due to the smaller voxel size of the scan[17].

On the other hand, the differences in percentages of LAIC could be attributed to racial variations, since these studies were carried out in different parts of the world.

The present study demonstrated no significant difference in prevalence of LAIC between male and female subjects. Similar outcomes were reported by Lee et al.[13] and Rahpeyma et al.[7]. In one recent CBCT-based study, the occurrence of lateral antral canal walls was higher in males compared to females[6]. The researchers stated that the probability of detection of antral canals increases significantly as thickness of the antral wall increases, which is the probable reason for the increased radiographic detection of antral canals in male subjects in their study. When the location of the canal in the mediolateral aspect of the antral wall was evaluated, we found that 78% of the canals had an intrasinusal position. Similar radiographic features were reported by Lee et al.[13]. Extrasinusal is the least common location of the canal within the antral wall. However, one Korean study[18] conducted on cadavers reported that the extrasinusal variety was most common.

When the diameter of LAIC was evaluated, most were less than 1 mm. The diameter of the canals plays a very important role in the radiographic detection of antral canals. LAICs with a diameter less than 0.5 mm are difficult to detect on routine CBCT scans[19]. Furthermore, the diameter of the LAIC has clinical significance in surgical interventions in the posterior maxillary sinus antrum area as its alerts the surgeon to possible risk of hemorrhage during surgery[20]. The surgeon can adjust the location of the osteotomy window according to pre-surgical CBCT evaluation to avoid complications[9]. Despite a detailed radiographic examination of the surgical site, however, accidental exposure of the antral vessels, which might lead to bleeding, can occur[20,21]. This can be attributed to the heterogeneous pathways of the blood vessels, which can be partially intraosseous or completely extraosseous[22]. Researchers have advised the use of electrocautery or bone wax for management of bleeding subsequent to accidental rupture of these blood vessels[22]. Future CBCT-based research should focus on not only determining the point position of the LAIC, but also on tracing its pathways.

V. Conclusion

This study established the average measurement for location of the LAIC with reference to maxillary alveolar bone in the UAE, which has not been previously reported. This data will aid the surgeon in avoiding the LAIC during sinus lift procedures and reduce the risk of hemorrhage.