Chuan-Chao Wang1,2,3,4, Hui-Yuan Yeh5, Alexander N Popov6, Hu-Qin Zhang7, Hirofumi Matsumura8, Kendra Sirak9,10, Olivia Cheronet11, Alexey Kovalev12, Nadin Rohland9, Alexander M Kim9,13, Swapan Mallick9,10,14,15, Rebecca Bernardos9, Dashtseveg Tumen16, Jing Zhao7, Yi-Chang Liu17, Jiun-Yu Liu18, Matthew Mah9,14,15, Ke Wang19, Zhao Zhang9, Nicole Adamski9,15, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht9,15, Kimberly Callan9,15, Francesca Candilio11, Kellie Sara Duffett Carlson11, Brendan J Culleton20, Laurie Eccles21, Suzanne Freilich11, Denise Keating11, Ann Marie Lawson9,15, Kirsten Mandl11, Megan Michel9,15, Jonas Oppenheimer9,15, Kadir Toykan Özdoğan11, Kristin Stewardson9,15, Shaoqing Wen22, Shi Yan23, Fatma Zalzala9,15, Richard Chuang17, Ching-Jung Huang17, Hana Looh24, Chung-Ching Shiung17, Yuri G Nikitin25, Andrei V Tabarev26, Alexey A Tishkin27, Song Lin7, Zhou-Yong Sun28, Xiao-Ming Wu7, Tie-Lin Yang7, Xi Hu7, Liang Chen29, Hua Du30, Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan31, Enkhbayar Mijiddorj32, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar32, Tumur-Ochir Iderkhangai32, Erdene Myagmar16, Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama33, Masato Nishino34, Ken-Ichi Shinoda33, Olga A Shubina35, Jianxin Guo36, Wangwei Cai37, Qiongying Deng38, Longli Kang39, Dawei Li40, Dongna Li41, Rong Lin41, Rukesh Shrestha42, Ling-Xiang Wang42, Lanhai Wei36, Guangmao Xie43,44, Hongbing Yao45, Manfei Zhang42, Guanglin He36, Xiaomin Yang36, Rong Hu36, Martine Robbeets46, Stephan Schiffels19, Douglas J Kennett47, Li Jin42, Hui Li42, Johannes Krause48, Ron Pinhasi49, David Reich50,51,52,53. 1. Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China. wang@xmu.edu.cn. 2. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. wang@xmu.edu.cn. 3. Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. wang@xmu.edu.cn. 4. MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. wang@xmu.edu.cn. 5. School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore. 6. Scientific Museum, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia. 7. Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. 8. School of Health Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan. 9. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 10. Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. 11. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 12. Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. 13. Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. 14. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. 15. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 16. Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 17. Institute of Archaeology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. 18. Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 19. Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. 20. Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. 21. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. 22. Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 23. School of Ethnology and Sociology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China. 24. Institute of History and Philology, Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. 25. Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia. 26. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. 27. Department of Archeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia. 28. Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi'an, China. 29. School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China. 30. Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China. 31. Research Center at the National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 32. Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 33. Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan. 34. Archaeological Center of Chiba City, Chiba, Japan. 35. Department of Archeology, Sakhalin Regional Museum, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia. 36. Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China. 37. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China. 38. Department of Human Anatomy and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China. 39. Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University (Tibet University for Nationalities), Xianyang, China. 40. Institute for History and Culture of Science & Technology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China. 41. Department of Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China. 42. MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 43. College of History, Culture and Tourism, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China. 44. Guangxi Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology, Nanning, China. 45. Belt and Road Research Center for Forensic Molecular Anthropology, Key Laboratory of Evidence Science of Gansu Province, Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law, Lanzhou, China. 46. Eurasia3angle Research group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. 47. Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. 48. Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. krause@shh.mpg.de. 49. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. ron.pinhasi@univie.ac.at. 50. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu. 51. Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu. 52. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu. 53. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu.
Abstract
The deep population history of East Asia remains poorly understood owing to a lack of ancient DNA data and sparse sampling of present-day people1,2. Here we report genome-wide data from 166 East Asian individuals dating to between 6000 BC and AD 1000 and 46 present-day groups. Hunter-gatherers from Japan, the Amur River Basin, and people of Neolithic and Iron Age Taiwan and the Tibetan Plateau are linked by a deeply splitting lineage that probably reflects a coastal migration during the Late Pleistocene epoch. We also follow expansions during the subsequent Holocene epoch from four regions. First, hunter-gatherers from Mongolia and the Amur River Basin have ancestry shared by individuals who speak Mongolic and Tungusic languages, but do not carry ancestry characteristic of farmers from the West Liao River region (around 3000 BC), which contradicts theories that the expansion of these farmers spread the Mongolic and Tungusic proto-languages. Second, farmers from the Yellow River Basin (around 3000 BC) probably spread Sino-Tibetan languages, as their ancestry dispersed both to Tibet-where it forms approximately 84% of the gene pool in some groups-and to the Central Plain, where it has contributed around 59-84% to modern Han Chinese groups. Third, people from Taiwan from around 1300 BC to AD 800 derived approximately 75% of their ancestry from a lineage that is widespread in modern individuals who speak Austronesian, Tai-Kadai and Austroasiatic languages, and that we hypothesize derives from farmers of the Yangtze River Valley. Ancient people from Taiwan also derived about 25% of their ancestry from a northern lineage that is related to, but different from, farmers of the Yellow River Basin, which suggests an additional north-to-south expansion. Fourth, ancestry from Yamnaya Steppe pastoralists arrived in western Mongolia after around 3000 BC but was displaced by previously established lineages even while it persisted in western China, as would be expected if this ancestry was associated with the spread of proto-Tocharian Indo-European languages. Two later gene flows affected western Mongolia: migrants after around 2000 BC with Yamnaya and European farmer ancestry, and episodic influences of later groups with ancestry from Turan.
The deep population history of East Asia remains poorly understood owing to a lack of ancient DNA data and sparse sampling of present-day n class="Species">people1,2. Here we report genome-wide data from 166 East Asian individuals dating to between 6000 BC and AD 1000 and 46 present-day groups. Hunter-gatherers from Japan, the Amur River Basin, and people of Neolithic and Iron Age Taiwan and the Tibetan Plateau are linked by a deeply splitting lineage that probably reflects a coastal migration during the Late Pleistocene epoch. We also follow expansions during the subsequent Holocene epoch from four regions. First, hunter-gatherers from Mongolia and the Amur River Basin have ancestry shared by individuals who speak Mongolic and Tungusic languages, but do not carry ancestry characteristic of farmers from the West Liao River region (around 3000 BC), which contradicts theories that the expansion of these farmers spread the Mongolic and Tungusic proto-languages. Second, farmers from the Yellow River Basin (around 3000 BC) probably spread Sino-Tibetan languages, as their ancestry dispersed both to Tibet-where it forms approximately 84% of the gene pool in some groups-and to the Central Plain, where it has contributed around 59-84% to modern Han Chinese groups. Third, people from Taiwan from around 1300 BC to AD 800 derived approximately 75% of their ancestry from a lineage that is widespread in modern individuals who speak Austronesian, Tai-Kadai and Austroasiatic languages, and that we hypothesize derives from farmers of the Yangtze River Valley. Ancient people from Taiwan also derived about 25% of their ancestry from a northern lineage that is related to, but different from, farmers of the Yellow River Basin, which suggests an additional north-to-south expansion. Fourth, ancestry from Yamnaya Steppe pastoralists arrived in western Mongolia after around 3000 BC but was displaced by previously established lineages even while it persisted in western China, as would be expected if this ancestry was associated with the spread of proto-Tocharian Indo-European languages. Two later gene flows affected western Mongolia: migrants after around 2000 BC with Yamnaya and European farmer ancestry, and episodic influences of later groups with ancestry from Turan.
Authors: Morten E Allentoft; Martin Sikora; Karl-Göran Sjögren; Simon Rasmussen; Morten Rasmussen; Jesper Stenderup; Peter B Damgaard; Hannes Schroeder; Torbjörn Ahlström; Lasse Vinner; Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas; Ashot Margaryan; Tom Higham; David Chivall; Niels Lynnerup; Lise Harvig; Justyna Baron; Philippe Della Casa; Paweł Dąbrowski; Paul R Duffy; Alexander V Ebel; Andrey Epimakhov; Karin Frei; Mirosław Furmanek; Tomasz Gralak; Andrey Gromov; Stanisław Gronkiewicz; Gisela Grupe; Tamás Hajdu; Radosław Jarysz; Valeri Khartanovich; Alexandr Khokhlov; Viktória Kiss; Jan Kolář; Aivar Kriiska; Irena Lasak; Cristina Longhi; George McGlynn; Algimantas Merkevicius; Inga Merkyte; Mait Metspalu; Ruzan Mkrtchyan; Vyacheslav Moiseyev; László Paja; György Pálfi; Dalia Pokutta; Łukasz Pospieszny; T Douglas Price; Lehti Saag; Mikhail Sablin; Natalia Shishlina; Václav Smrčka; Vasilii I Soenov; Vajk Szeverényi; Gusztáv Tóth; Synaru V Trifanova; Liivi Varul; Magdolna Vicze; Levon Yepiskoposyan; Vladislav Zhitenev; Ludovic Orlando; Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén; Søren Brunak; Rasmus Nielsen; Kristian Kristiansen; Eske Willerslev Journal: Nature Date: 2015-06-11 Impact factor: 49.962
Authors: Vagheesh M Narasimhan; Nick Patterson; Priya Moorjani; Nadin Rohland; Rebecca Bernardos; Swapan Mallick; Iosif Lazaridis; Nathan Nakatsuka; Iñigo Olalde; Mark Lipson; Alexander M Kim; Luca M Olivieri; Alfredo Coppa; Massimo Vidale; James Mallory; Vyacheslav Moiseyev; Egor Kitov; Janet Monge; Nicole Adamski; Neel Alex; Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht; Francesca Candilio; Kimberly Callan; Olivia Cheronet; Brendan J Culleton; Matthew Ferry; Daniel Fernandes; Suzanne Freilich; Beatriz Gamarra; Daniel Gaudio; Mateja Hajdinjak; Éadaoin Harney; Thomas K Harper; Denise Keating; Ann Marie Lawson; Matthew Mah; Kirsten Mandl; Megan Michel; Mario Novak; Jonas Oppenheimer; Niraj Rai; Kendra Sirak; Viviane Slon; Kristin Stewardson; Fatma Zalzala; Zhao Zhang; Gaziz Akhatov; Anatoly N Bagashev; Alessandra Bagnera; Bauryzhan Baitanayev; Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento; Arman A Bissembaev; Gian Luca Bonora; Temirlan T Chargynov; Tatiana Chikisheva; Petr K Dashkovskiy; Anatoly Derevianko; Miroslav Dobeš; Katerina Douka; Nadezhda Dubova; Meiram N Duisengali; Dmitry Enshin; Andrey Epimakhov; Alexey V Fribus; Dorian Fuller; Alexander Goryachev; Andrey Gromov; Sergey P Grushin; Bryan Hanks; Margaret Judd; Erlan Kazizov; Aleksander Khokhlov; Aleksander P Krygin; Elena Kupriyanova; Pavel Kuznetsov; Donata Luiselli; Farhod Maksudov; Aslan M Mamedov; Talgat B Mamirov; Christopher Meiklejohn; Deborah C Merrett; Roberto Micheli; Oleg Mochalov; Samariddin Mustafokulov; Ayushi Nayak; Davide Pettener; Richard Potts; Dmitry Razhev; Marina Rykun; Stefania Sarno; Tatyana M Savenkova; Kulyan Sikhymbaeva; Sergey M Slepchenko; Oroz A Soltobaev; Nadezhda Stepanova; Svetlana Svyatko; Kubatbek Tabaldiev; Maria Teschler-Nicola; Alexey A Tishkin; Vitaly V Tkachev; Sergey Vasilyev; Petr Velemínský; Dmitriy Voyakin; Antonina Yermolayeva; Muhammad Zahir; Valery S Zubkov; Alisa Zubova; Vasant S Shinde; Carles Lalueza-Fox; Matthias Meyer; David Anthony; Nicole Boivin; Kumarasamy Thangaraj; Douglas J Kennett; Michael Frachetti; Ron Pinhasi; David Reich Journal: Science Date: 2019-09-06 Impact factor: 47.728
Authors: Wolfgang Haak; Iosif Lazaridis; Nick Patterson; Nadin Rohland; Swapan Mallick; Bastien Llamas; Guido Brandt; Susanne Nordenfelt; Eadaoin Harney; Kristin Stewardson; Qiaomei Fu; Alissa Mittnik; Eszter Bánffy; Christos Economou; Michael Francken; Susanne Friederich; Rafael Garrido Pena; Fredrik Hallgren; Valery Khartanovich; Aleksandr Khokhlov; Michael Kunst; Pavel Kuznetsov; Harald Meller; Oleg Mochalov; Vayacheslav Moiseyev; Nicole Nicklisch; Sandra L Pichler; Roberto Risch; Manuel A Rojo Guerra; Christina Roth; Anna Szécsényi-Nagy; Joachim Wahl; Matthias Meyer; Johannes Krause; Dorcas Brown; David Anthony; Alan Cooper; Kurt Werner Alt; David Reich Journal: Nature Date: 2015-03-02 Impact factor: 49.962
Authors: Po-Ru Loh; Mark Lipson; Nick Patterson; Priya Moorjani; Joseph K Pickrell; David Reich; Bonnie Berger Journal: Genetics Date: 2013-02-14 Impact factor: 4.562
Authors: Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg; David Anthony; Hiba Babiker; Eszter Bánffy; Thomas Booth; Patricia Capone; Arati Deshpande-Mukherjee; Stefanie Eisenmann; Lars Fehren-Schmitz; Michael Frachetti; Ricardo Fujita; Catherine J Frieman; Qiaomei Fu; Victoria Gibbon; Wolfgang Haak; Mateja Hajdinjak; Kerstin P Hofmann; Brian Holguin; Takeshi Inomata; Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; William Keegan; Janet Kelso; Johannes Krause; Ganesan Kumaresan; Chapurukha Kusimba; Sibel Kusimba; Carles Lalueza-Fox; Bastien Llamas; Scott MacEachern; Swapan Mallick; Hirofumi Matsumura; Ana Y Morales-Arce; Giedre Motuzaite Matuzeviciute; Veena Mushrif-Tripathy; Nathan Nakatsuka; Rodrigo Nores; Christine Ogola; Mercedes Okumura; Nick Patterson; Ron Pinhasi; Samayamantri P R Prasad; Mary E Prendergast; Jose Luis Punzo; David Reich; Rikai Sawafuji; Elizabeth Sawchuk; Stephan Schiffels; Jakob Sedig; Svetlana Shnaider; Kendra Sirak; Pontus Skoglund; Viviane Slon; Meradeth Snow; Marie Soressi; Matthew Spriggs; Philipp W Stockhammer; Anna Szécsényi-Nagy; Kumarasamy Thangaraj; Vera Tiesler; Ray Tobler; Chuan-Chao Wang; Christina Warinner; Surangi Yasawardene; Muhammad Zahir Journal: Nature Date: 2021-10-20 Impact factor: 49.962
Authors: Maximilian Larena; Federico Sanchez-Quinto; Per Sjödin; James McKenna; Carlo Ebeo; Rebecca Reyes; Ophelia Casel; Jin-Yuan Huang; Kim Pullupul Hagada; Dennis Guilay; Jennelyn Reyes; Fatima Pir Allian; Virgilio Mori; Lahaina Sue Azarcon; Alma Manera; Celito Terando; Lucio Jamero; Gauden Sireg; Renefe Manginsay-Tremedal; Maria Shiela Labos; Richard Dian Vilar; Acram Latiph; Rodelio Linsahay Saway; Erwin Marte; Pablito Magbanua; Amor Morales; Ismael Java; Rudy Reveche; Becky Barrios; Erlinda Burton; Jesus Christopher Salon; Ma Junaliah Tuazon Kels; Adrian Albano; Rose Beatrix Cruz-Angeles; Edison Molanida; Lena Granehäll; Mário Vicente; Hanna Edlund; Jun-Hun Loo; Jean Trejaut; Simon Y W Ho; Lawrence Reid; Helena Malmström; Carina Schlebusch; Kurt Lambeck; Phillip Endicott; Mattias Jakobsson Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2021-03-30 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Irene Cardinali; Martin Bodner; Marco Rosario Capodiferro; Christina Amory; Nicola Rambaldi Migliore; Edgar J Gomez; Erdene Myagmar; Tumen Dashzeveg; Francesco Carano; Scott R Woodward; Walther Parson; Ugo A Perego; Hovirag Lancioni; Alessandro Achilli Journal: Front Genet Date: 2022-01-06 Impact factor: 4.599