The impacts of COVID-19 on glaucoma patient outcomes as assessed by POEM.

To the Editor:

We look on with concern, as the COVID-19 virus pandemic continues to disrupt the delivery of ophthalmic care. Whilst the focus has remained on deaths due to COVID-19, the indirect effects related to reductions in the provision of ophthalmic services should not be underestimated. Emerging data has also shown increased patient anxiety and concern regarding their eye care.

The patient-reported outcome and experience measure (POEM) is a validated eight-item questionnaire for use in glaucoma [1, 2]. The questionnaire addresses aspects of outcome (acceptability of treatment, fear of blindness, impact on daily life) and aspects of experience (safety, understanding, organization of care). We used POEM to investigate the change in glaucoma patient experience and attitudes caused by the COVID pandemic.

One hundred and twenty-six consecutive patients attending a tertiary centre glaucoma clinic over a 2-week period in September 2020 were surveyed. An additional column explicitly asking if each POEM item in question was more of a concern during the COVID pandemic was added to the questionnaire (Appendix 1). Questionnaire responses conducted during the pandemic were compared to those pre-pandemic. The questionnaires were conducted anonymously with no pairing to clinical data or demographics.

Survey results showed that the largest change in terms of percentage of patients who agree or strongly agree occurred in item Q2, Q4, Q7 and Q8, which all showed at least a 10–15% decrease in agreement from pre COVID questionnaire (Fig. 1). Patients identified Q6, Q7 and Q8 to be the aspects that COVID has affected most with 28.8%, 32.1% and 40.2% ‘yes’ responses, respectively (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1

Comparison of pre-COVID patient report outcomes to those in the peri-COVID era using the POEM Item Questionnaire.

Comparison of the two graphs (A: pre-COVID, B: post-COVID) reveals that the largest decrease (at least 10%) in ‘strongly agree responses’ occurs in Q2 (patient’s understanding of their treatment for glaucoma), Q4 (progression of glaucoma), Q7 and Q8 (patient’s perception and confidence in their treatment team).

Fig. 2

Patient responses identifying if COVID had caused increased concern based on each item of the POEM Questionnaire.

Domains pertaining to safety (Q7) and organizational aspects (Q8) of glaucoma treatment (both related to the perception by the patient of the treatment team) were the areas which patients explicitly identified as areas of concern due to COVID. This correlated with the results from graphs in Fig. 1 when comparing pre-COVID and post-COVID POEM results.

POEM items Q7 and Q8 pertains to patients’ perception of their treatment team, whilst Q2 represents the way glaucoma is treated. These large percentage changes show increasing uncertainty amongst patients about how their glaucoma is managed during the crisis. Impaired confidence in the glaucoma team may not only cause unnecessary concern but cause issues with compliance that could contribute to disease progression.

Responses to Q4 demonstrate that patients are increasingly less confident that the progression of their glaucoma remains stable. In addition, we found that the cohort of patients most concerned about losing vision is 25% more likely to tick ‘yes’ when asked if COVID had caused more concern, indicating that the COVID crisis has explicitly exacerbated these concerns. This is especially worrying as even before the crisis, glaucoma units were already struggling with a backlog of patients, with some delays resulting in loss of vision [3].

Overall, the results of our study show that patients are more uncertain of their glaucoma care. This may reflect the heightened anxiety associated with COVID as well as generalized delays in clinic follow up during the COVID pandemic. Pre-pandemic, many glaucoma units were already managing a backlog of outpatients, associated with heightened anxiety around aspects of glaucoma care [4]. The POEM questionnaire highlights that this situation has been exacerbated by COVID. Further studies investigating delays in patient appointments with impacts on visual acuity deterioration as well as true glaucomatous progression will further elucidate the psychological and physiological impacts that COVID has had.

Appendix 1