Juan Gao1,2,3,4, Qiegen Liu5, Chao Zhou6, Weiguang Zhang6, Qian Wan1,2,3, Chenxi Hu4, Zheng Gu7, Dong Liang1,2,3, Xin Liu1,2,3, Yongfeng Yang1,2,3, Hairong Zheng1,2,3, Zhanli Hu1,2,3, Na Zhang1,2,3. 1. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. 2. Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen, China. 3. Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, China. 4. School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. 5. Department of Electronic Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China. 6. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. 7. Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Statistical reconstruction methods based on penalized maximum likelihood (PML) are being increasingly used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to reduce noise and improve image quality. Wang and Qi proposed a patch-based edge-preserving penalties algorithm that can be implemented in three simple steps: a maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (MLEM) image update, an image smoothing step, and a pixel-by-pixel image fusion step. The pixel-by-pixel image fusion step, which fuses the MLEM updated image and the smoothed image, involves a trade-off between preserving the fine structural features of an image and suppressing noise. Particularly when reconstructing images from low-count data, this step cannot preserve fine structural features in detail. To better preserve these features and accelerate the algorithm convergence, we proposed to improve the patch-based regularization reconstruction method. METHODS: Our improved method involved adding a total variation (TV) regularization step following the MLEM image update in the patch-based algorithm. A feature refinement (FR) step was then used to extract the lost fine structural features from the residual image between the TV regularized image and the fused image based on patch regularization. These structural features would then be added back to the fused image. With the addition of these steps, each iteration of the image should gain more structural information. A brain phantom simulation experiment and a mouse study were conducted to evaluate our proposed improved method. Brain phantom simulation with added noise were used to determine the feasibility of the proposed algorithm and its acceleration of convergence. Data obtained from the mouse study were divided into event count sets to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm when reconstructing images from low-count data. Five criteria were used for quantitative evaluation: signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), covariance (COV), contrast recovery coefficient (CRC), regional relative bias, and relative variance. RESULTS: The bias and variance of the phantom brain image reconstructed using the patch-based method were 0.421 and 5.035, respectively, and this process took 83.637 seconds. The bias and variance of the image reconstructed by the proposed improved method, however, were 0.396 and 4.568, respectively, and this process took 41.851 seconds. This demonstrates that the proposed algorithm accelerated the reconstruction convergence. The CRC of the phantom brain image reconstructed using the patch-based method was iterated 20 times and reached 0.284, compared with the proposed method, which reached 0.446. When using a count of 5,000 K data obtained from the mouse study, both the patch-based method and the proposed method reconstructed images similar to the ground truth image. The intensity of the ground truth image was 88.3, and it was located in the 102nd row and the 116th column. However, when the count was reduced to below 40 K, and the patch-based method was used, image quality was significantly reduced. This effect was not observed when the proposed method was used. When a count of 40 K was used, the image intensity was 58.79 when iterated 100 times by the patch-based method, and it was located in the 102nd row and the 116th column, while the intensity when iterated 50 times by the proposed method was 63.83. This suggests that the proposed method improves image reconstruction from low-count data. CONCLUSIONS: This improved method of PET image reconstruction could potentially improve the quality of PET images faster than other methods and also produce better reconstructions from low-count data. 2021 Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND: Statistical reconstruction methods based on penalized maximum likelihood (PML) are being increasingly used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to reduce noise and improve image quality. Wang and Qi proposed a patch-based edge-preserving penalties algorithm that can be implemented in three simple steps: a maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (MLEM) image update, an image smoothing step, and a pixel-by-pixel image fusion step. The pixel-by-pixel image fusion step, which fuses the MLEM updated image and the smoothed image, involves a trade-off between preserving the fine structural features of an image and suppressing noise. Particularly when reconstructing images from low-count data, this step cannot preserve fine structural features in detail. To better preserve these features and accelerate the algorithm convergence, we proposed to improve the patch-based regularization reconstruction method. METHODS: Our improved method involved adding a total variation (TV) regularization step following the MLEM image update in the patch-based algorithm. A feature refinement (FR) step was then used to extract the lost fine structural features from the residual image between the TV regularized image and the fused image based on patch regularization. These structural features would then be added back to the fused image. With the addition of these steps, each iteration of the image should gain more structural information. A brain phantom simulation experiment and a mouse study were conducted to evaluate our proposed improved method. Brain phantom simulation with added noise were used to determine the feasibility of the proposed algorithm and its acceleration of convergence. Data obtained from the mouse study were divided into event count sets to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm when reconstructing images from low-count data. Five criteria were used for quantitative evaluation: signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), covariance (COV), contrast recovery coefficient (CRC), regional relative bias, and relative variance. RESULTS: The bias and variance of the phantom brain image reconstructed using the patch-based method were 0.421 and 5.035, respectively, and this process took 83.637 seconds. The bias and variance of the image reconstructed by the proposed improved method, however, were 0.396 and 4.568, respectively, and this process took 41.851 seconds. This demonstrates that the proposed algorithm accelerated the reconstruction convergence. The CRC of the phantom brain image reconstructed using the patch-based method was iterated 20 times and reached 0.284, compared with the proposed method, which reached 0.446. When using a count of 5,000 K data obtained from the mouse study, both the patch-based method and the proposed method reconstructed images similar to the ground truth image. The intensity of the ground truth image was 88.3, and it was located in the 102nd row and the 116th column. However, when the count was reduced to below 40 K, and the patch-based method was used, image quality was significantly reduced. This effect was not observed when the proposed method was used. When a count of 40 K was used, the image intensity was 58.79 when iterated 100 times by the patch-based method, and it was located in the 102nd row and the 116th column, while the intensity when iterated 50 times by the proposed method was 63.83. This suggests that the proposed method improves image reconstruction from low-count data. CONCLUSIONS: This improved method of PET image reconstruction could potentially improve the quality of PET images faster than other methods and also produce better reconstructions from low-count data. 2021 Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. All rights reserved.
Entities:
Keywords:
Positron emission tomography (PET); image reconstruction; low-count; maximum likelihood