Heleen Kuiper1,2, Christel C M van Leeuwen1,3, David J Kopsky4, Janneke M Stolwijk-Swüste1,3, Marcel W M Post5,6. 1. Centre of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 2. University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Centre for Rehabilitation, Groningen, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Spinal Cord Injury and Orthopedics, De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 4. Institute for Neuropathic Pain, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 5. Centre of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.post@dehoogstraat.nl. 6. University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Centre for Rehabilitation, Groningen, The Netherlands. m.post@dehoogstraat.nl.
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain intensity, taking symptoms of anxiety and depression into account within persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: Persons with SCI, who visited a Dutch rehabilitation centre between 2005 and 2010, were invited to complete a survey. METHODS: PTSD symptoms were measured with the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ), pain intensity with an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and symptoms of anxiety and depression with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). To determine associations between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity, linear regression analyses were performed. Confounding variables representing anxiety and depression were added to the final model. RESULTS: In total, 175 participants (55.8% traumatic, 29.1% complete) were included (response rate of 31.7%). Of them, 11.4% had clinically relevant symptoms of probable PTSD (TSQ score ≥ 6) 69.8% experienced moderate to severe pain levels (NRS ≥ 4), 14.9% had symptoms of anxiety and 20.8% symptoms of depression (HADS scores ≥ 11). Levels of PTSD symptoms were strongly associated with symptoms of anxiety (0.54) and depression (0.49). Bivariate analyses showed a moderate significant association (0.30) between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity. This association became small (0.10) when anxiety and depression comorbidity were factored into the final regression model. CONCLUSIONS: No independent association between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity was shown when adjusted for anxiety and depression. Results of this study suggest the usefulness of screening for PTSD in persons with SCI (regardless of injury cause or type/level) who score high on symptoms of anxiety/depression.
STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain intensity, taking symptoms of anxiety and depression into account within persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING:Persons with SCI, who visited a Dutch rehabilitation centre between 2005 and 2010, were invited to complete a survey. METHODS:PTSD symptoms were measured with the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ), pain intensity with an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and symptoms of anxiety and depression with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). To determine associations between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity, linear regression analyses were performed. Confounding variables representing anxiety and depression were added to the final model. RESULTS: In total, 175 participants (55.8% traumatic, 29.1% complete) were included (response rate of 31.7%). Of them, 11.4% had clinically relevant symptoms of probable PTSD (TSQ score ≥ 6) 69.8% experienced moderate to severe pain levels (NRS ≥ 4), 14.9% had symptoms of anxiety and 20.8% symptoms of depression (HADS scores ≥ 11). Levels of PTSD symptoms were strongly associated with symptoms of anxiety (0.54) and depression (0.49). Bivariate analyses showed a moderate significant association (0.30) between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity. This association became small (0.10) when anxiety and depression comorbidity were factored into the final regression model. CONCLUSIONS: No independent association between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity was shown when adjusted for anxiety and depression. Results of this study suggest the usefulness of screening for PTSD in persons with SCI (regardless of injury cause or type/level) who score high on symptoms of anxiety/depression.
Authors: Philip M Ullrich; Bridget M Smith; Linda Poggensee; Charlesnika T Evans; Kevin T Stroupe; Frances M Weaver; Stephen P Burns Journal: Arch Phys Med Rehabil Date: 2012-08-01 Impact factor: 3.966