"Make the Implicit Explicit": Measuring Perceptions of Gender Bias and Creating a Gender Bias Curriculum for Internal Medicine Residents.

BACKGROUND: Gender bias in clinical training has been well established; however, little is known about how perceptions differ between men and women. Furthermore, few curricular options have been developed to discuss gender bias.
OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of gender bias, examine qualitative differences between men and women, and create a gender bias curriculum for internal medicine residents.
METHODS: We surveyed 114 residents (response rate of 53.5%) to identify the prevalence and types of gender bias experienced in training. We compared estimates between genders and organized qualitative results into shared themes. We then developed a curriculum to promote and normalize discussions of gender bias.
RESULTS: Among surveyed residents, 61% reported personal experiences of gender bias during training, with 98% of women and 19% of men reporting experiences when stratified by gender. We identified two domains in which gender bias manifested: role misidentification and a difficult working environment. Residents identified action items that led to the development of a gender bias curriculum. The curriculum includes didactic conferences and training sessions, a microaggression response toolkit, dinners for men and women residents, participation in a WhatsApp support group, and participation in academic projects related to gender bias in training.
CONCLUSION: We confirmed a wide prevalence of gender bias and developed a scalable curriculum for gender bias training. Future work should explore the long-term impacts of these interventions.

Plain Language Summary

Understanding how medical trainees perceive gender bias in the workplace is important to their well-being and essential for addressing disparities in academic medicine. In this single-center survey, we found that gender bias is widely prevalent among trainees, and tends to be more prevalent among women than men trainees. Specifically, gender bias in residency training can manifest as role misidentification or a difficult working environment. We developed a scalable, multi-component curriculum that can be used to address instances of gender bias experienced in residency.

Introduction

The prevalence and impact of gender bias in clinical training1 and academic medicine2 have been well documented.3 Unconscious gender bias in the care of patients can adversely influence clinical reasoning, promote stereotyping, and support confirmation biases.4,5 Outside of clinical care and training, unconscious bias in academic medicine has been associated with the delayed promotion and lower salaries among women.6–8 Understanding how trainees perceive instances of gender bias has important implications for their well-being as well as potential downstream consequences for mitigating disparities in academic medicine.

In this study, we had two objectives: first, we performed a survey to understand the prevalence of gender bias as perceived by men and women internal medicine trainees, and examined qualitative differences in experiences between genders. Second, we developed a scalable, multimodal curriculum to introduce the topic of unconscious gender bias into graduate medical education.

Methods

We surveyed internal medicine residents at a large academic medical center in Boston, MA in February 2018. We collected anonymized demographic data on self-identified gender identity, race, and ethnicity. We then asked whether residents had encountered personal experiences of gender bias during residency, and whether they had observed colleagues experiencing instances of gender bias. For those that had experienced gender bias, we offered an optional, anonymized free text response to describe specific circumstances. We also solicited residents for action items to better address gender bias among trainees. We stratified survey results by gender and compared them using Chi-Square tests with p-values significant at <0.05. On the basis of data collected from the survey, we developed a gender bias curriculum for internal medicine residents. The study was deemed exempt by the institutional review board (IRB) of Partners Healthcare, Boston, MA since the project was undertaken as a quality improvement project in the residency program. As such, formal supervision and informed consent as approved by the IRB were not required per their policies.

Results

We surveyed 213 internal medicine interns and residents of whom 114 responded to the survey (53.5% response rate). Forty-six percent identified as men and 54% as women. The majority of residents identified as White (75%, ), and were of non-Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (93%).

Among surveyed residents, 61% reported personal experiences of gender bias. Among female residents, 98% reported personal experiences of gender bias during residency, while 98% reported observing resident colleagues experience gender bias (Figure 1). In contrast, 19% of male residents reported personal experiences of gender bias, though 90% reported observing resident colleagues experience gender bias. Comparisons between genders were statistically significant (p<0.001 for both personal experiences and observations of resident colleagues experiencing gender bias).

Figure 1

Prevalence of personal experiences of gender bias and observations of resident colleagues experiencing gender bias, stratified by gender.

We elicited two primary themes from the self-described instances of gender bias: role misidentification and a difficult working environment (). Typical examples of role misidentification including women residents being referred to as nurses or other non-physician allied health personnel. Examples of difficult working environment included women residents experiencing more frequent interruptions, and more questioning of clinical decision-making from team members and other hospital staff.

Residents expressed a desire to learn more about gender bias and identified multiple action items: making co-residents, faculty, nurses, and ancillary staff aware of gender bias through conferences or training; enhancing the environment to discuss gender bias without shaming individuals; teaching residents how to respond to experienced or witnessed biases; and recruiting more women faculty in teaching and leadership roles.

In response to feedback, we developed a gender-focused unconscious bias curriculum for residents with the following components: (1) a multidisciplinary didactic conference to review data on unconscious bias in health care; (2) a microaggression response toolkit to equip residents with skills to respond to moments of bias encountered on the wards; (3) voluntary biennial dinners for men and women residents to openly discuss issues of gender bias in training; (4) voluntary participation in a WhatsApp support group for residents who identify as women; and (5) voluntary participation in academic projects that measure gender bias within training which has resulted in scholarly publications under mentorship from residency program leaders.9,10

Discussion

Graduate medical education continues to grapple with multiple competing needs. Nonetheless, discussing unconscious bias, particularly as it pertains to gender, is increasingly important as professional disparities persist and grow in academic medicine.

Similar to prior work, we found a wider prevalence of perceived gender bias among women than men in our single-site survey but also found that men commonly observed their colleagues’ experiences with such bias. These results suggest important differences in the perceived prevalence of gender bias between the level of the clinical trainee and that of faculty. Prior work has shown that approximately 70% of female junior faculty in academic medicine have perceived gender bias in the work environment, and a similar percentage has experienced it in their professional advancement; in contrast, little over 20% of male junior faculty perceived gender bias among their colleagues in the workplace.11 Our results confirm the wide prevalence of gender bias faced by trainees,1 but also suggest that male trainees more often detect such bias as compared to male faculty members. This may reflect growing efforts to incorporate unconscious bias education into medical school and residency.12 Few curricula have been developed to address unconscious bias in graduate medical education, though our work attempts to begin filling this gap. The gender bias curriculum described here remains in place for this residency program and has since been expanded to include an interactive workshop designed to improve residents’ comfort with responding to microaggressions in the workplace. Current evaluations of these efforts are ongoing.13

Our study has limitations. We were limited to a single site for data collection, and we did not collect detailed information on the exact context of gender bias faced on the wards. Also, while we were focused on the role of gender bias, some of our qualitative results reflect the use of terminology consistent with sex instead of gender. Finally, given the recent implementation of the curriculum, we are unable to study how its introduction has changed the experiences of gender bias faced by residents during training.

Conclusion

Residency training is a formative time for a physician, and at this early stage of entering the profession, gender bias could have a large impact on career trajectories. Further research is needed to explore the settings in which trainees experience gender bias and how curricula can be designed to educate all those who take part in the clinical training process. In the future, potential interventions could be designed to reduce role misidentification and difficult work environments, as well as activate bystanders to mitigate adverse consequences.