A short history of methods used to measure bathing beach water quality.

The enumeration of fecal indicators of bathing beach water to determine quality have been used since the mid-20th century. In the 1930s and as late the 1970s, the Most Probable Number procedure for estimating microbial densities in water was in general use. The most probable number procedure was replaced as a method of choice by the membrane filter procedure. The membrane filter had been developed in the early 1950s but did not find widespread use until the 1970s. Another development during the 1970s was the quanti -tray method, a proprietary multi-well tray, which was introduced as an innovative form of the Most Probable Number procedure. In 2005 molecular methods were introduced as a rapid 3-hourh procedure for measuring bathing beach water quality. Several variations of this approach are currently in use or in development. Published by Elsevier B.V.