Clinical Management of Bile Duct Diseases: Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound in a Personalized Approach.

Biliary diseases are common, but clinical symptoms are often unspecific and direct access and visualization of the biliopancreatic system for diagnostic purpose is difficult. In the last decades endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become a primary method in the gastrointestinal tract. It significantly changed the role of endoscopy in diagnostic imaging in the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent organs. EUS has become an effective diagnostic tool in biliary stone disease as well as in the diagnosis of indeterminate biliary strictures. Furthermore, an EUS-directed transmural approach emerged as a safe and effective alternative to ERCP in patients requiring biliary drainage, in particular as a backup method if standard ERCP-approach fails. Development of new techniques, specific accessories and stents during the last decade led to an enormous step forward in terms of efficacy and safety of an EUS-directed approach. In the current article technical and clinical aspects of EUS-guided diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in different clinical indications will be discussed together with a review of the available data.