PURPOSE: Megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) has been implemented on many radiation therapy treatment machines as a tomographic imaging modality that allows for three-dimensional visualization and localization of patient anatomy. Yet MVCT images exhibit lower contrast and greater noise than its kilovoltage CT (kVCT) counterpart. In this work, we sought to improve these disadvantages of MVCT images through an image-to-image-based machine learning transformation of MVCT and kVCT images. We demonstrated that by learning the style of kVCT images, MVCT images can be converted into high-quality synthetic kVCT (skVCT) images with higher contrast and lower noise, when compared to the original MVCT. METHODS: Kilovoltage CT and MVCT images of 120 head and neck (H&N) cancer patients treated on an Accuray TomoHD system were retrospectively analyzed in this study. A cycle-consistent generative adversarial network (CycleGAN) machine learning, a variant of the generative adversarial network (GAN), was used to learn Hounsfield Unit (HU) transformations from MVCT to kVCT images, creating skVCT images. A formal mathematical proof is given describing the interplay between function sensitivity and input noise and how it applies to the error variance of a high-capacity function trained with noisy input data. Finally, we show how skVCT shares distributional similarity to kVCT for various macro-structures found in the body. RESULTS: Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were improved in skVCT images relative to the original MVCT images and were consistent with kVCT images. Specifically, skVCT CNR for muscle-fat, bone-fat, and bone-muscle improved to 14.8 ± 0.4, 122.7 ± 22.6, and 107.9 ± 22.4 compared with 1.6 ± 0.3, 7.6 ± 1.9, and 6.0 ± 1.7, respectively, in the original MVCT images and was more consistent with kVCT CNR values of 15.2 ± 0.8, 124.9 ± 27.0, and 109.7 ± 26.5, respectively. Noise was significantly reduced in skVCT images with SNR values improving by roughly an order of magnitude and consistent with kVCT SNR values. Axial slice mean (S-ME) and mean absolute error (S-MAE) agreement between kVCT and MVCT/skVCT improved, on average, from -16.0 and 109.1 HU to 8.4 and 76.9 HU, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A kVCT-like qualitative aid was generated from input MVCT data through a CycleGAN instance. This qualitative aid, skVCT, was robust toward embedded metallic material, dramatically improves HU alignment from MVCT, and appears perceptually similar to kVCT with SNR and CNR values equivalent to that of kVCT images.
PURPOSE: Megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) has been implemented on many radiation therapy treatment machines as a tomographic imaging modality that allows for three-dimensional visualization and localization of patient anatomy. Yet MVCT images exhibit lower contrast and greater noise than its kilovoltage CT (kVCT) counterpart. In this work, we sought to improve these disadvantages of MVCT images through an image-to-image-based machine learning transformation of MVCT and kVCT images. We demonstrated that by learning the style of kVCT images, MVCT images can be converted into high-quality synthetic kVCT (skVCT) images with higher contrast and lower noise, when compared to the original MVCT. METHODS: Kilovoltage CT and MVCT images of 120 head and neck (H&N) cancer patients treated on an Accuray TomoHD system were retrospectively analyzed in this study. A cycle-consistent generative adversarial network (CycleGAN) machine learning, a variant of the generative adversarial network (GAN), was used to learn Hounsfield Unit (HU) transformations from MVCT to kVCT images, creating skVCT images. A formal mathematical proof is given describing the interplay between function sensitivity and input noise and how it applies to the error variance of a high-capacity function trained with noisy input data. Finally, we show how skVCT shares distributional similarity to kVCT for various macro-structures found in the body. RESULTS: Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were improved in skVCT images relative to the original MVCT images and were consistent with kVCT images. Specifically, skVCT CNR for muscle-fat, bone-fat, and bone-muscle improved to 14.8 ± 0.4, 122.7 ± 22.6, and 107.9 ± 22.4 compared with 1.6 ± 0.3, 7.6 ± 1.9, and 6.0 ± 1.7, respectively, in the original MVCT images and was more consistent with kVCT CNR values of 15.2 ± 0.8, 124.9 ± 27.0, and 109.7 ± 26.5, respectively. Noise was significantly reduced in skVCT images with SNR values improving by roughly an order of magnitude and consistent with kVCT SNR values. Axial slice mean (S-ME) and mean absolute error (S-MAE) agreement between kVCT and MVCT/skVCT improved, on average, from -16.0 and 109.1 HU to 8.4 and 76.9 HU, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A kVCT-like qualitative aid was generated from input MVCT data through a CycleGAN instance. This qualitative aid, skVCT, was robust toward embedded metallic material, dramatically improves HU alignment from MVCT, and appears perceptually similar to kVCT with SNR and CNR values equivalent to that of kVCT images.
Authors: Stéfan van der Walt; Johannes L Schönberger; Juan Nunez-Iglesias; François Boulogne; Joshua D Warner; Neil Yager; Emmanuelle Gouillart; Tony Yu Journal: PeerJ Date: 2014-06-19 Impact factor: 2.984
Authors: Jason W Chan; Vasant Kearney; Samuel Haaf; Susan Wu; Madeleine Bogdanov; Mariah Reddick; Nayha Dixit; Atchar Sudhyadhom; Josephine Chen; Sue S Yom; Timothy D Solberg Journal: Med Phys Date: 2019-04-04 Impact factor: 4.071