| Literature DB >> 33022467 |
Yoram Gerchman1, Hadas Mamane2, Nehemya Friedman3, Michal Mandelboim3.
Abstract
UV light-emitting diodes (UV LEDs) are an emerging technology and a UV source for pathogen inactivation, however low UV-LED wavelengths are costly and have low fluence rate. Our results suggest that the sensitivity of human Coronavirus (HCoV-OC43 used as SARS-CoV-2 surrogate) was wavelength dependent with 267 nm ~ 279 nm > 286 nm > 297 nm. Other viruses showed similar results, suggesting UV LED with peak emission at ~286 nm could serve as an effective tool in the fight against human Coronaviruses.Entities:
Keywords: COVID19; Corona; Coronavirus; SARS; UV-LEDs; Wavelength
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2020 PMID: 33022467 PMCID: PMC7521879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112044
Source DB: PubMed Journal: J Photochem Photobiol B ISSN: 1011-1344 Impact factor: 6.252
Fig. 1Emission spectra of UV LEDs used in this study.
Sensitivity of viruses to various UV wavelengths.
| Virus type | Host | LED wave length (nm) | Virus enumeration method | Fluence (UV dose) (mJ/cm2) for a given log reduction | Ref and comments | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||
| T7 Coliphage | ||||||||
| T7 | 255 | PFU | 2.9 | 6.9 | 14 | 20 | [ | |
| T7 | 275 | PFU | 2.7 | 6 | 12 | 17 | [ | |
| MS2 Coliphage | ||||||||
| MS2 | 255 | PFU | 13 | 26 | 38 | [ | ||
| ATCC15597-B1 | 255 | PFU | 25 | 50 | [ | |||
| ATCC15597-B1 | 255 | PFU | 19 | 42 | 72 | [ | ||
| ATCC15597-B1 | 255 | PFU | 12 | 28 | 45 | [ | ||
| MS2 | 260 | PFU | 13 | 28 | 44 | 58 | [ | |
| ATCC15597-B1 | 260 | PFU | 12 | 30 | 43 | [ | ||
| ATCC15597-B1 | 260 | PFU | 15 | 32 | 48 | [ | ||
| ATCC15597-B1 | 265 | PFU | 15 | 32 | 51 | [ | ||
| ATCC15597-B1 | 265 | PFU | 18.1 | 47.1 | 76.1 | 105.2 | [ | |
| ATCC15597-B1 | 275 | PFU | 25 | 55 | [ | |||
| ATCC15597-B1 | 280 | PFU | 18 | 39 | 60 | [ | ||
| ATCC15597-B1 | 280 | PFU | 30.3 | 60.9 | 91.5 | 122.1 | [ | |
| ATCC15597-B1 | 285 | PFU | 35 | 70 | 106 | [ | ||
| ATCC15597-B1 | 285 | PFU | 25 | 52 | 95 | [ | ||
| ATCC15597-B1 | 300 | 412.8 | 763.4 | 1114.1 | 1464.7 | [ | ||
| Phi X 174 | ||||||||
| φX174 | 255 | PFU | 1.7 | 3.3 | 5.1 | [ | ||
| φX174 | 280 | PFU | 2.8 | 5.1 | 8.6 | [ | ||
| Qβ | ||||||||
| Qβ | 255 | PFU | 13 | 23 | [ | |||
| Qβ | 260 | PFU | 9 | 19 | 29 | 41 | [ | |
| ATCC23631-B1 | E. coli K-12 A/λ (F+) | 265 | PFU | 8.9 | 19.9 | 31.0 | 42.0 | [ |
| Qβ | 280 | PFU | 28 | [ | ||||
| ATCC23631-B1 | E. coli K-12 A/λ (F+) | 280 | PFU | 16.0 | 35.1 | 54.1 | 73.2 | [ |
| ATCC23631-B1 | 285 | PFU | 27 | 54 | 81 | [ | ||
| ATCC23631-B1 | E. coli K-12 A/λ (F+) | 300 | PFU | 100.0 | 304.8 | 509.7 | 714.5 | [ |
| Enterovirus | ||||||||
| Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10, Kowalik strain | 260 | ICC-RTqPCR | 5 | 8 | 15 | [ | ||
| Polivirus 1 (PV1, Mahoney strain) | 260 | ICC-RTqPCR | 8 | [ | ||||
| Enterovirus 70 | 260 | ICC-RTqPCR | 10 | [ | ||||
| Echovirus 30 (Echo30, Bastianni strain) | 260 | ICC-RTqPCR | 13 | [ | ||||
| Coxsackievirus A10(CVA10, Kowalik strain | 280 | ICC-RTqPCR | 12 | 15 | [ | |||
| Polivirus 1 (PV1, Mahoney strain) | 280 | ICC-RTqPCR | 11 | [ | ||||
| Enterovirus 70 (EV70, J670/71 strain) | 280 | ICC-RTqPCR | 12 | [ | ||||
| Echovirus 30 (Echo30, Bastianni strain) | 280 | ICC-RTqPCR | 15 | [ | ||||
| Adenovirus | ||||||||
| Adenovirus 2 – HadV2-ATCCvr-846 Manassas, VA | A549 human lung carcinoma cells-ATCC-CCL-185 | 260 | TCVA | 40 | 69 | 87 | 110 | [ |
| Adenovirus 2 – HadV2-ATCCvr-846 Manassas, VA | A549 human lung carcinoma cells-ATCC-CCL-185 | 280 | TCVA | 48 | 74 | 95 | 115 | [ |
| Adenovirus Type 5 ATCC VR5 | A549 cell line (CCL-185) | 285 | PFA | 44 | 82 | 126 | [ | |
| Vesivirus | ||||||||
| Feline calicivirus ATCC-VR-782 | Crandell Rees feline kidney cells (CRFK, ATCC CCL-94) | 265 | N/A | 6.7 | 15.6 | 24.5 | 33.4 | [ |
| Feline calicivirus ATCC-VR-782 | Crandell Rees feline kidney cells (CRFK, ATCC CCL-94) | 280 | N/A | 9.0 | 18.9 | 28.9 | 38.8 | [ |
| Feline calicivirus ATCC-VR-782 | Crandell Rees feline kidney cells (CRFK, ATCC CCL-94) | 300 | N/A | 139.1 | 286.8 | 434.6 | 582.3 | [ |
| Influenza virus | ||||||||
| H1N1 subtype. Viral suspensions of H1N1 subtype (strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934) | Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells | 280 | ICC-RTqPCR | 20 | 33 | 50 | 125 | [ |
| H1N1 subtype. Viral suspensions of H1N1 subtype (strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934) | Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) | 310 | ICC-RTqPCR | 250 | 430 | 1150 | [ | |
| H1N1 subtype. Viral suspensions of H1N1 subtype (strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934) | Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) | 365 | ICC-RTqPCR | 7000 | 42,000 | [ | ||
| Coronavirus | ||||||||
| SARS-CoV-2 | Vero cells | 280 ± 5 | PFA | 3.75 | 37.5 | [ | ||
| HCoV-OC43 | Vero-E6 cells | 267 | ICC-RTqPCR | 3.4 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 6.8 | Current study |
| HCoV-OC43 | Vero-E6 cells | 279 | ICC-RTqPCR | 3.5 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 8.7 | Current study |
| HCoV-OC43 | Vero-E6 cells | 286 | ICC-RTqPCR | 5.8 | 9.5 | 12.9 | 16.4 | Current study |
| HCoV-OC43 | Vero-E6 cells | 297 | ICC-RTqPCR | 17.5 | 26.8 | 32.0 | 47.0 | Current study |
PFU: Plaques Forming Units. Bacteriophages are mixed with the bacteria in melted soft agar media and poured on agar media (top layer). Plaques of dead bacteria appear as hallows in the bacteria turbidity.
TCVA: Total Culturable Virus Assay. Briefly, the virus is serially diluted and added to a culture of host cells. Most Probable Number is calculated by host cell lysis as evidence for viable virus presence.
ICC-(RT)qPCR: Integrated Cell Culture (RealTime) Quantitative PCR. Briefly, viruses are diluted and incubated with host cells. After incubation, cells are washed to remove extracellular viruses, broken to release viruses, and virus genome copy number is analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). For RNA viruses a reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction to convert RNA to DNA precede the qPCR (hence ICC-RTqPCR).
PFA: Plaque-Forming Assay. Similar to PFU (a) but after infection and incubation host cells are fixed, stained, and plaques identified and counted.
FFA: Focus-Forming Assay. Briefly, after infection and incubation host cells are fixed labeled with antibody against viral proteins and the antibody fluorescently labeled. Infected cells are counted by fluorescence microscopy.
Fig. 2Schematic layout of the inactivation experiment with the 24-well plate used in this study. Numbers in wells represent the incident irradiance (mW/cm2) as measured for each particular well location (Top-left, 267 nm; top-right, 279 nm; bottom-left, 286 nm; bottom-right, 297 nn). The red encircle irradiation area for one time/dose irradiation point (left: 4-well column, for 267/286 nm rectangular system; right: 2 × 2 wells for 279/297 nm round system). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 3Dose (fluence) response curve of the HCoV-OC43 to UV-LEDs. N is virus count after the designated irradiation and N0 at time zero (without irradiation).