C O Hawker1, S S Merkouris1, G J Youssef2, N A Dowling3. 1. School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. 2. School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. 3. School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Electronic address: nicki.dowling@deakin.edu.au.
Abstract
AIMS: To explore reciprocal relationships between real-time gambling cravings and self-efficacy with gambling behaviour, and the moderating role of gambling, mental health, and addiction-related variables. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a 4-week Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study conducted in Tasmania, Australia. SETTING: Data were collected via telephone interviews (pre-EMA) and smartphones (EMA). PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-seven regular gamblers (mean age: 45.90 years, 57.73% male) reported 5,113 observations. MEASUREMENTS: EMA measures included gambling cravings (occurrence, frequency, intensity), self-efficacy (craving-related, gambling-related), and gambling behaviour (episodes, expenditure, duration). Pre-EMA measures included gambling (severity; harms; motives; high-risk situations), mental health (depressive symptoms; anxiety symptoms) and addiction-related (alcohol use; smoking; substance use) moderator variables. FINDINGS: Mixed-effects binary logistic regression analyses revealed that gambling cravings predicted gambling episodes (OR = 2.23, 95% CI:1.61, 3.08), gambling self-efficacy and gambling duration were reciprocally related (OR = 4.65, 95% CI:1.08, 20.04; OR = 0.21, 95% CI:0.05, 0.93), and craving self-efficacy predicted gambling expenditure (OR = 0.30, 95% CI:0.10, 0.86). Moderation analyses revealed that: (1) craving self-efficacy exacerbated craving frequency with gambling expenditure; (2) coping motives exacerbated gambling self-efficacy with gambling expenditure; (3) high-risk positive reinforcement situations exacerbated craving intensity and gambling self-efficacy with gambling episodes, and gambling episode with craving occurrence; and (4) substance use exacerbated gambling self-efficacy with duration, and buffered gambling expenditure with craving intensity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for the development of real-time gambling interventions that aim to reduce gambling cravings and increase self-efficacy, which could be targeted to vulnerable individuals, including people who frequently gambled for coping purposes or positive reinforcement, and people with comorbid substance use.
AIMS: To explore reciprocal relationships between real-time gambling cravings and self-efficacy with gambling behaviour, and the moderating role of gambling, mental health, and addiction-related variables. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a 4-week Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study conducted in Tasmania, Australia. SETTING: Data were collected via telephone interviews (pre-EMA) and smartphones (EMA). PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-seven regular gamblers (mean age: 45.90 years, 57.73% male) reported 5,113 observations. MEASUREMENTS: EMA measures included gambling cravings (occurrence, frequency, intensity), self-efficacy (craving-related, gambling-related), and gambling behaviour (episodes, expenditure, duration). Pre-EMA measures included gambling (severity; harms; motives; high-risk situations), mental health (depressive symptoms; anxiety symptoms) and addiction-related (alcohol use; smoking; substance use) moderator variables. FINDINGS: Mixed-effects binary logistic regression analyses revealed that gambling cravings predicted gambling episodes (OR = 2.23, 95% CI:1.61, 3.08), gambling self-efficacy and gambling duration were reciprocally related (OR = 4.65, 95% CI:1.08, 20.04; OR = 0.21, 95% CI:0.05, 0.93), and craving self-efficacy predicted gambling expenditure (OR = 0.30, 95% CI:0.10, 0.86). Moderation analyses revealed that: (1) craving self-efficacy exacerbated craving frequency with gambling expenditure; (2) coping motives exacerbated gambling self-efficacy with gambling expenditure; (3) high-risk positive reinforcement situations exacerbated craving intensity and gambling self-efficacy with gambling episodes, and gambling episode with craving occurrence; and (4) substance use exacerbated gambling self-efficacy with duration, and buffered gambling expenditure with craving intensity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for the development of real-time gambling interventions that aim to reduce gambling cravings and increase self-efficacy, which could be targeted to vulnerable individuals, including people who frequently gambled for coping purposes or positive reinforcement, and people with comorbid substance use.
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Authors: Laura Diaz-Sanahuja; Ignacio Miralles; Carlos Granell; Adriana Mira; Alberto González-Pérez; Sven Casteleyn; Azucena García-Palacios; Juana Bretón-López Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-03-22 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Nicki A Dowling; Stephanie S Merkouris; George J Youssef; Dan I Lubman; Kathleen L Bagot; Chloe O Hawker; Hannah J Portogallo; Anna C Thomas; Simone N Rodda Journal: JMIR Res Protoc Date: 2022-08-23