Daniel Naveed Tavakol1, Samantha C Schwager, Lindsay A Jeffries, Anthony Bruce, Bruce A Corliss, Christopher A DeRosa, Cassandra L Fraser, Shayn M Peirce, Patrick S Cottler. 1. Daniel Naveed Tavakol, BS, is Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York. Samantha C. Schwager, BS, is Graduate Research Assistant, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. In the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Lindsay A. Jeffries, BS, is Patent Examiner; Anthony Bruce, MS, is Laboratory Specialist IV; and Bruce A. Corliss, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Researcher. In the Department of Chemistry, Christopher A. DeRosa, PhD, is a postdoctoral researcher and Cassandra L. Fraser, PhD, is Professor. In the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shayn M. Peirce, PhD, is Professor. In the Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Patrick S. Cottler, PhD, is Assistant Professor and Director of Resident Research.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Oxygen is essential to wound healing; therefore, accurate monitoring can guide clinical decisions. Clinical wound assessment is often subjective, and tools to monitor wound oxygen are typically expensive, indirect, and highly variable. This study demonstrates the utility of a novel, low-cost oxygen-sensing thin film for serial assessment of wound oxygenation. DESIGN: Dual-layer films were fabricated with boron oxygen-sensing nanoparticles (BNPs) impregnated into a chitosan-polycaprolactone layer for direct wound bed contact with a relatively oxygen impermeable calcium alginate surface layer. The BNPs are a dual-emissive difluoroboron β-diketonate dye incorporated into poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles. Under UV excitation, the BNPs emit fluorescence based on concentration and oxygen-sensitive phosphorescence. The fluorescence/phosphorescence ratio is directly proportional to oxygen concentration. METHODS: A series of in vitro oxygen challenges and in vivo murine and porcine wound healing models were used to validate the utility of the film in sensing wound oxygenation. MAIN RESULTS: In vitro testing demonstrated the oxygen-sensing capability of the BNP film and its ability to shield ambient oxygen to isolate wound oxygen. In vivo testing demonstrated the ability of the film to accurately monitor relative oxygen changes in a murine wound over time, measuring a 22% fluorescence/phosphorescence increase during acute healing. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a low-cost, noninvasive, direct, and serial oxygen mapping technology to detect spatial differences in wound oxygenation. Clinical use of the films has the potential to monitor wound healing trajectories and guide wound care decisions.
OBJECTIVE: Oxygen is essential to wound healing; therefore, accurate monitoring can guide clinical decisions. Clinical wound assessment is often subjective, and tools to monitor wound oxygen are typically expensive, indirect, and highly variable. This study demonstrates the utility of a novel, low-cost oxygen-sensing thin film for serial assessment of wound oxygenation. DESIGN: Dual-layer films were fabricated with boron oxygen-sensing nanoparticles (BNPs) impregnated into a chitosan-polycaprolactone layer for direct wound bed contact with a relatively oxygen impermeable calcium alginate surface layer. The BNPs are a dual-emissive difluoroboron β-diketonate dye incorporated into poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles. Under UV excitation, the BNPs emit fluorescence based on concentration and oxygen-sensitive phosphorescence. The fluorescence/phosphorescence ratio is directly proportional to oxygen concentration. METHODS: A series of in vitro oxygen challenges and in vivo murine and porcine wound healing models were used to validate the utility of the film in sensing wound oxygenation. MAIN RESULTS: In vitro testing demonstrated the oxygen-sensing capability of the BNP film and its ability to shield ambient oxygen to isolate wound oxygen. In vivo testing demonstrated the ability of the film to accurately monitor relative oxygen changes in a murine wound over time, measuring a 22% fluorescence/phosphorescence increase during acute healing. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a low-cost, noninvasive, direct, and serial oxygen mapping technology to detect spatial differences in wound oxygenation. Clinical use of the films has the potential to monitor wound healing trajectories and guide wound care decisions.
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