New modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery category and mortality in premature infants with critical congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in neonatal intensive care and surgical procedures, perinatal mortality rates for premature infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) remain relatively high.
PURPOSE: We aimed to describe the outcomes of premature infants with critical CHD and identify the risk factors including the new modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (M-RACHS) category associated with in-hospital mortality in a Korean tertiary center.
METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of premature infants with critical CHD admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from January 2005 to December 2016.
RESULTS: A total of 78 premature infants were enrolled. The median gestational age (GA) at birth was 34.9 weeks (range, 26.7-36.9 weeks), and the median birth weight was 1.91 kg (range, 0.53-4.38 kg). Surgical or percutaneous intervention was performed in 68 patients with a median GA at birth of 34.7 weeks (range, 26.7-36.8 weeks) and a median birth weight of 1.92 kg (range, 0.53-4.38 kg). The in-hospital survival rate was 76.9% among all enrolled preterm infants and 86.8% among patients who received an intervention. Very low birth weight (VLBW), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and M-RACHS category 5 or higher (more complex CHD) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. For the 68 premature infants undergoing cardiac interventions, independent risk factors for mortality were VLBW, BPD, and CHD complexity. Late preterm infant and age at intervention were not associated with patient survival.
CONCLUSION: For premature infants with critical CHD, VLBW, PPHN, BPD, and M-RACHS category ≥5 were risk factors for mortality. A careful approach to surgical intervention and prenatal care should be taken according to CHD type and neonatal condition.

Introduction

Preterm births have increased gradually until the last decade, accounting for 5%−12% of births in the US and Europe [1,2], and birth defects are one of the important causes of preterm birth [3]. Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most commonly reported birth defect, with prevalences of 4−50 per 1,000 live births [4,5] and 1.7−3 per 1,000 live births for critical CHD [5-7]. A large population-based study from England reported that preterm infants have cardiovascular abnormalities 2 times more frequently than full-term infants [8]. Unfortunately, these 2 conditions cause significant perinatal and infant morbidity and mortality [4], and premature infants or low birth weight infants with CHD are faced with increased mortality and morbidity [6,8-11].

Advances in neonatal intensive care and surgical management have contributed to reduce mortality and morbidity in preterm infants with CHD [5,7]. However, perinatal mortality in premature infants with CHD remains relatively high [6,8], and survivors are at risk for short-term morbidity and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes [6,9,11]. The severity of heart defects and category of diseases have also significant impacts on the outcomes of neonates with CHD [4,10,12-14]. In a meta-analysis of observational studies [10], the category of cardiac disease was the most important predictor of mortality in low birth weight infants. Therefore, adjustment considering the severity of heart disease should be included in the outcome study of CHD. The Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery 1 (RACHS-1) was first designed to allow meaningful comparisons of in-hospital mortality for groups of children undergoing surgery for CHD relying on variables that are easy to identify and quantify [14]. However, because there are many types of CHD which don’t require surgery during neonatal period such as pulmonary stenosis and pink tetralogy of Fallot, modified RACHS (m-RACHS) was suggested and used to estimate adjusted gestational age specific morbidities and mortality in preterm infants with critical CHD [6]. So far, m-RACHS has not been used to evaluate risk factors for mortality other than gestational age among preterm infants with critical CHD. And there have been no data for the outcome of premature infants with critical CHD in Asian population.

The aim of the present study was to describe the outcomes of premature neonates with critical CHD and to identify the risk factors including new modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery category (M-RACHS) associated with in-hospital mortality in a Korean tertiary center.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study performed in a single referral tertiary center. Infants who were born before 37 weeks of gestation with critical CHD and were admitted within the first month of life to the neonatal intensive care unit of Seoul National University Hospital between January 2005 and December 2016 were included in the study. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Seoul National University Hospital (IRB No. 1802-063-921). Informed consent was waived by IRB.

The diagnosis of CHD was made by a pediatric cardiologist according to the echocardiographic findings. Critical CHD was defined as heart defects requiring surgical intervention or percutaneous intervention with catheterization immediately after birth or within months of life [15]. This includes one or a combination of the following defects: complete atrioventricular septal defects, hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (VSD) or intact ventricular septum, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, tricuspid atresia, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, coarctation of the aorta, interruption of the aortic arch, double-outlet right ventricle, aortopulmonary window, heterotaxy syndrome and other single-ventricle. In addition, pulmonary and aortic stenosis requiring cardiac intervention before discharge were included as critical CHD. Infants with an isolated atrial septal defect, VSD, or patent ductus arteriosus were excluded from the study. Each patient was classified into 6 severity groups of the M-RACHS to adjust for the complexity of CHD (Table 1). M-RACHS was modified from RACHS-1 and m-RACHS proposed by Steurer et al. [6,14] RACHS-1 categorized cardiac surgical procedures for CHD into 6 risk groups according to similar expected in-hospital mortality rates. The risk category significantly correlated with mortality rate for patients undergoing single cardiac procedure. However, this category is for surgical procedure, not for CHD classification. And m-RACHS by Steurer classified CHD according to complexity with reference to RACHS-1, but aortopulmonary window, complete atrioventricular septal defect, coarctation of aorta with VSD, pulmonary atresia with VSD, and interruption of aortic arch were not included in the m-RACHS classification. So, we further classified these diseases by m-RACHS scoring system and added these CHDs in M-RACHS.

Table 1.

Critical congenital heart disease and mortality according to the M-RACHS category

Variable	Total			Intervention
	Patient (n=78)	Death (n=18)	Mortality rate (%)	Patient (n=68)	Death (n=9)	Mortality rate (%)
M-RACHS 2	29 (37.2)	2	6.9	29 (42.6)	2	6.9
CoA requiring neonatal surgery	4 (5.1)	1	25.0	4 (5.9)	1	25.0
TOF	15 (19.2)	0	0	15 (22.0)	0	0
DORV	2 (2.6)	1	50.0	2 (2.9)	1	50.0
PS with neonatal intervention	7 (9.0)	0	0	7 (10.3)	0	0
Aortopulmonary window	1 (1.3)	0	0	1 (1.5)	0	0
M-RACHS 3	24 (30.7)	4	16.7	21 (30.9)	2	9.5
TGA without VSD	3 (3.8)	0	0	3 (4.4)	0	0
cAVSD	3 (3.8)	2	66.7	1 (1.5)	0	0
DORV with cAVSD	1 (1.3)	0	0	1 (1.5)	0	0
CoA with VSD	5 (6.4)	0	0	4 (5.9)	0	0
PA with VSD	12 (15.4)	2	16.7	12 (17.6)	2	16.7
M-RACHS 4	6 (7.7)	1	16.7	5 (7.4)	0	0
AS requiring neonatal surgery	1 (1.3)	0	0	1 (1.5)	0	0
Interruption of aortic arch	1 (1.3)	1	100	-	-	-
TAPVR	3 (3.8)	0	0	3 (4.4)	0	0
Truncus arteriosus	1 (1.3)	0	0	1 (1.5)	0	0
M-RACHS 5	13 (16.7)	5	38.5	10 (14.7)	2	20.0
Single-ventricle	10 (12.8)	3	30.0	8 (11.8)	1	12.5
Complex CHD with heterotaxy	3 (3.8)	2	66.7	2 (2.9)	1	50.0
M-RACHS 6	5 (6.4)	5	100	3 (4.4)	3	100
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome	5 (6.4)	5	100	3 (4.4)	3	100
Cardiomyopathy with PS	1 (1.3)	1	100	-	-	-

Values are presented as number (%).

M-RACHS, new modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery; CoA, coarctation of the aorta; TOF, tetralogy of Fallot; DORV, double-outlet right ventricle; PS, pulmonary stenosis; TGA, transposition of the great arteries; VSD, ventricular septal defect; cAVSD, complete atrioventricular septal defect; PA, pulmonary atresia; AS, aortic stenosis; TAPVR, total anomalous pulmonary venous return; CHD, congenital heart disease.

Medical records regarding perinatal factors, including gender, gestational age (GA), birth weight, very low birth weight (VLBW), small for GA (SGA), foetal hydrops, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), and noncardiac structural anomalies or chromosomal abnormalities, were reviewed. Perioperative data, including body weight at intervention, postmenstrual age (PMA) or postnatal age (PNA) at intervention, type of intervention, use of prostaglandin E1, preintervention SpO2 and ventilator period before intervention, were also reviewed. VLBW was defined as a birth weight<1,500 g, and SGA was defined as a birth weight <10th percentile according to the Fenton growth chart [16]. PPHN was defined as a mainly right-to-left shunt lesion via a patent ductus arteriosus in patients with biventricular physiology or transposition of the great arteries with a large atrial septal defect requiring inhaled nitric oxide due to severe hypoxemia [17]. Clinical outcomes of premature infants, such as sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage greater than grade II, periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and in-hospital mortality, were collected and analysed. BPD was defined as chronic lung disease requiring supplemental oxygen even after 4 weeks of postnatal age [18]. Necrotizing enterocolitis was defined as 2 or more of 3 stages according to the modified Bell's criteria [19]. Intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia were diagnosed by brain ultrasonography performed at intervals of 1−2 weeks, depending on the patient's condition within 3 days after birth and 7 days after birth.

The study population was divided into the survivor group and the mortality group according to the in-hospital mortality during admission. Categorical variables are expressed as percentages, and continuous variables are expressed as medians with ranges or means with standard deviations. Categorical variables were analysed by the chi-square test or Fisher exact test between 2 groups and linear by linear association between 3 groups, while continuous variables were analysed using the Mann-Whitney test or independent t test. Variables with P<0.05 in these univariate analyses were considered for backward model selection using multivariate logistic-regression models to identify independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality (adjusted P<0.05). And personalized maximum likelihood estimation was used to determine whether risk interactions among risk factors included in multiple regression analysis interacted with mortality. SPSS ver. 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the statistical analyses.

Results

During the study period, 78 premature neonates with critical CHD were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Tetralogy of Fallot (19.2%) was the most common critical CHD, followed by pulmonary atresia with VSD (15.4%) and single-ventricle (12.8%) (Table 1). There was no critical CHD with M-RACHS 1. Nine infants died before intervention (Supplementary material 1), and one infant with Edward syndrome was discharged without intervention. Sixty-eight patients (87.2%) underwent cardiac intervention, and 61 of them (89.7%) under went surgery. The mortality rate was the highest in patients with M-RACHS 6 in the total population and in the subgroup of patients who underwent intervention.

In the total population, the median GA and birth weight were 34.9 weeks and 1.91 kg, respectively. VLBW infants comprised 14.1% of the study population, and preterm infants who were born at less than 32 weeks comprised 12.8% of the study population (Supplementary material 2). There were 18 infants in the mortality group, including 9 patients who died after cardiac intervention, resulting in an overall in-hospital survival rate of 76.9%. Infants with a GA<32 weeks at birth (vs. GA≥32 weeks, P=0.001), VLBW, PPHN, BPD, M-RACHS≥5, and single-ventricle physiology were more prevalent in the mortality group, and the differences between groups were statistically significant. Cardiac intervention was more frequently performed in the survivor group (Table 2). Among the preterm infants with GA≥32 weeks, there was no statistical difference for the survival according to the birth age (32≤GA<34 vs. 34≤GA<37, P=0.103). In the mortality group, cause of death were cardiac conditions in 15 patients, sepsis in one patient, pulmonary hemorrhage in one patient and severe BPD in one patient.

Table 2.

Demographic characteristics of the study population according to in-hospital mortality

Variable	Total (n=78)	Survivors (n=60)	Nonsurvivors (n=18)	P-value
Male sex	38 (48.7)	29 (48.3)	9 (23.7)	1.000
GA at birth (wk)	34.9 (26.7−36.9)	34.7 (27.6−36.9)	35.1 (26.7−36.9)	0.533
<32	10 (12.8)	3 (5.0)	7 (70)	0.214
≥32, <34	14 (17.9)	14 (23.3)	0 (0)
≥34, <37	54 (69.2)	43 (71.7)	11 (20.3)
Birth weight (kg)	1.91 (0.53−4.38)	1.93 (0.53−4.38)	1.80 (0.61−3.30)	0.313
Very low birth weight	11 (14.1)	5 (8.3)	6 (33.3)	0.015
Small for GA	32 (41.0)	24 (40.0)	8 (44.4)	0.737
Foetal hydrops	3 (3.8)	1 (1.7)	2 (11.1)	0.131
Outborn	34 (43.6)	28 (46.7)	6 (33.3)	0.419
PPHN	4 (5.1)	1 (1.7)	3 (16.7)	0.036
Noncardiac structural anomaly	14 (17.9)	13 (21.7)	1 (5.6)	0.169
Chromosome anomaly	7 (9.0)	5 (8.3)	2 (11.1)	0.659
Morbidity
Sepsis	1 (1.3)	0 (0.0)	1 (5.6)	0.231
Necrotizing enterocolitis	6 (7.7)	3 (5.0)	3 (16.7)	0.132
IVH≥grade II	3 (3.8)	2 (3.3)	1 (5.6)	0.550
Periventricular leukomalacia	4 (5.1)	2 (3.3)	2 (11.1)	0.226
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia	12 (15.4)	5 (8.3)	7 (38.9)	0.005
Retinopathy of prematurity	2 (2.6)	2 (3.3)	0 (0.0)	1.000
M-RACHS≥5	18 (23.1)	8 (13.3)	10 (58.6)	0.000
Single-ventricle physiology	15 (19.2)	7 (11.7)	8 (44.4)	0.002
Preintervention PGE1	45 (57.7)	32 (53.3)	13 (72.2)	0.155
Heterotaxy syndrome	5 (6.4)	2 (3.3)	3 (16.7)	0.078
Intervention	68 (87.2)	59 (98.3)	9 (50.0)	0.000

Values are presented as number (%) or median (range).

GA, gestational age; PPHN, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; M-RACHS, new modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery; PGE1, prostaglandin E1.

Boldface indicates a statistically significant difference with P<0.05.

Among the 68 infants who underwent cardiac intervention, 9 (13.2%) died during hospitalization (Table 3). The median GA and birth weight in the subgroup were 34.7 weeks and 1.92 kg, respectively. The PMA and body weight at cardiac intervention were 40.3 weeks and 3.10 kg, respectively. Infants with extremely preterm birth (vs. GA≥32 weeks, P=0.001), VLBW, NEC, BPD, M-RACHS≥5, single-ventricle physiology, and pulmonary artery banding were more prevalent in the mortality group. There were no differences in the timing of intervention in terms of PNA or PMA between survivors and nonsurvivors. Preintervention conditions such as SpO2 and duration of mechanical ventilation were also comparable between the 2 groups. Weight at intervention was lower in the mortality group, with borderline significance.

Table 3.

Demographic characteristics of patients receiving cardiac intervention according to in-hospital mortality

Variable	Total (n=68)	Survivor (n=59)	Nonsurvivors (n=9)	P-value
Male sex	35 (51.5)	30 (50.8)	5 (55.6)	1.000
GA at birth (wk)	34.7 (26.7−36.8)	34.7 (27.6−36.9)	31.7 (26.7−36.1)	0.043
<32	8 (11.8)	3 (5.1)	5 (55.6)	0.039
≥32, <34	14 (20.6)	14 (23.7)	0
≥34, <37	46 (67.6)	42 (71.2)	4 (44.4)
Birth weight (kg)	1.92 (0.53−4.38)	1.93 (0.53−4.38)	1.73 (0.61−3.02)	0.078
Very low birth weight	9 (13.2)	5 (8.5)	4 (44.4)	0.014
Small for GA	27 (39.7)	23 (39.0)	4 (44.4)	1.000
Hydrops foetalis	2 (2.9)	1 (1.7)	1 (11.1)	0.249
Outborn	30 (44.1)	27 (45.8)	3 (33.3)	0.721
Noncardiac structural anomaly	13 (19.1)	13 (22.0)	0 (0)	0.189
Chromosome syndrome	4 (5.9)	4 (6.8)	0 (0)	1.000
Morbidity
Sepsis	1 (1.5)	0 (0)	1 (11.1)	0.132
Necrotizing enterocolitis	6 (8.8)	3 (5.1)	3 (33.3)	0.027
IVH≥grade II	2 (2.9)	2 (3.4)	0 (0)	1.000
Periventricular leukomalacia	4 (5.9)	2 (3.4)	2 (22.2)	0.082
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia	11 (16.2)	5 (8.5)	6 (66.7)	0.000
Retinopathy of prematurity	2 (2.9)	2 (3.4)	0 (0)	1.000
M-RACHS≥5	13 (19.1)	8 (13.6)	5 (55.6)	0.010
Single-ventricle physiology	11 (16.2)	7 (11.9)	4 (44.4)	0.032
Preintervention PGE1	39 (57.4)	31 (52.5)	8 (88.9)	0.068
Preintervention SpO2 (%)	91.8 (57−100)	92 (57−100)	87 (79.5−94)	0.163
Heterotaxy syndrome	3 (4.4)	2 (3.4)	1 (11.1)	0.351
Preintervention ventilator period (day)	5.4±13.8	3.2±8.0	19.56±29.4	0.001
Postnasal age at intervention (day)	48 (1−232)	48 (1−232)	57 (2−106)	0.581
Postmenstrual age at intervention (wk)	40.3 (31.1−68.6)	40.6 (34.7−68.6)	38.0 (31.1−46.9)	0.172
Weight at intervention (kg)	3.10 (1.31−7.70)	3.20 (1.58−7.70)	2.83 (1.31−3.30)	0.066
<2.5	21 (30.9)	17 (28.8)	4 (44.4)	0.442
Pulmonary artery banding	6 (8.8)	3 (5.1)	3 (33.3)	0.027
Pulmonary stenosis ballooning	7 (10.3)	7 (11.9)	0	0.582
Blalock-Taussig shunt	15 (22.1)	11 (18.6)	4 (44.4)	0.100

Values are presented as number (%), median (range), or mean±standard deviation.

GA, gestational age; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; M-RACHS, new modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery; PGE1, prostaglandin E1; SpO2, saturation of peripheral oxygen.

Boldface indicates a statistically significant difference with P<0.05.

Multiple logistic-regression analysis in the total population showed that VLBW (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 7.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11−50.67; P=0.039), PPHN (aOR, 31.57; 95% CI, 1.64 to 609.28; P=0.022), BPD (aOR, 9.84; 95% CI, 1.71−56.44; P=0.010), and M-RACHS 5 or greater (aOR, 18.20; 95% CI, 3.51−94.43; P=0.001) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. As a result of personalized maximum likelihood estimation, estimates for interactions between VLBW*PPHN (estimate −0.981, P=0.720), VLBW*BPD (1.767, P=0.383), VLBW*M-RACHS≥5 (−0.295, P=0.891), PPHN*M-RACHS≥5 (−1.147, P=0.677), and BPD*M-RACHS≥5 (0.561, P=0.775) were not significant in the study population.

In the subgroup with cardiac intervention, multiple logistic-regression analysis showed that VLBW (aOR, 23.63; 95% CI, 1.24−451.06; P=0.036), BPD (aOR, 33.07; 95% CI, 2.49− 438.61; P=0.008), and M-RACHS 5 or greater (aOR, 51.45; 95% CI, 2.52−1050.04; P=0.010) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality (Table 4).

Table 4.

Multivariate logistic-regression analysis for in-hospital mortality in the total study population and the intervention group

Variable	Total (n=78)		Intervention (n=68)
	aOR[a)] (95% CI)	P-value	aOR[b)] (95% CI)	P-value
VLBW	7.45 (1.11−50.67)	0.039	23.63 (1.24−451.06)	0.036
PPHN	31.57 (1.64−609.28)	0.022
BPD	9.84 (1.71−56.44)	0.010	33.07 (2.49−438.61)	0.008
M-RACHS≥5	18.20 (3.51−94.43)	0.001	51.45 (2.52−1,050.04)	0.010

aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; VBLW, very low birth weight; PPHN, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; M-RACHS, new modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery; GA, gestational age; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis.

Covariate factors included in the logistic-regression models were GA<32 weeks at birth, VLBW, PPHN, BPD, and M-RACHS category ≥5.

Covariate factors included in the logistic-regression models were GA<32 weeks at birth, VLBW, NEC, BPD, and M-RACHS category ≥5.

Boldface indicates a statistically significant difference with P<0.05.

Discussion

In the present study, the overall in-hospital survival rates were 76.9% among premature neonates with critical CHD and 86.8% among patients with critical CHD who received cardiac intervention, which are comparable to the results of previous studies. A study using the nationwide database of the US reported that the survival to discharge rates were 74.0% among preterm infants with critical CHD and 81.5% among patients with critical CHD undergoing surgery [4]. A study from Children’s Hospital Boston reported that the survival rate was 79% in preterm infants with critical CHD [13].

To adjust severity of CHD, M-RACHS was used to adjust during multivariate analysis and VLBW, BPD, and M-RACHS 5 or more were independently associated with in-hospital death in both the total study population and among those who received intervention. PPHN was an additional risk factor in the total population alone. Several studies have reported the risk of mortality in preterm infants with critical CHD, such as lower GA, lower birth weight, body weight<2,500 g at the time of surgery and RACHS-1≥4 [4,6,13,20]. However, the risk factors for mortality in this population have been inconsistent among studies so far.

Steurer et al. [6] reported that the mortality rates in infants with critical CHD were 41.4% at a GA<29 weeks and 18.5% at a GA<35−36 weeks and decreased to 8.9% at a GA 39−42 weeks after adjusting with m-RACHS. On the other hand, Anderson et al. [20] reported the importance of birth weight in mortality, showing that the outcomes of mortality in VLBW infants with major CHD were 78.6% at a birth weight<750 g and 50.6% at a birth weight of 750−999 g, and decreased to 41.4% at a birth weight of 1,000−1,499 g. In the Kids’ Inpatient Database set [4], mortality for neonates born at birth with a body weight≤1,500 g was also significantly greater in neonates with critical CHD who underwent surgery than in those born at birth with a body weight>1,500 g, which was consistent among those who did not undergo surgery. In this study, VLBW was a significant risk factor for mortality. Late preterm infants did not have a benefit in survival.

The pivotal strategy in the management of preterm infants with CHD consists of delaying surgical intervention until the newborn is mature due to the small size of cardiovascular structures and immaturity of vital organs [9]. Moreover, although a surgical approach for most cases of CHD is technically feasible, low body weight is still considered a relative contraindication for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and is associated with an increase in CPB-related complications, such as seizures or intraventricular bleeding [9,11]. Therefore, surgical repair of CHD in neonates weighing less than 2.5 kg is challenging, and hospital mortality rates for patients weighing less than 2.5 kg at the time of cardiac surgery range from 10.4% to 24% in various studies, corresponding to a 1.5 to 3.0 fold higher risk of death [10,21-23].

However, some studies have reported no association between lower weight at surgery and mortality [19,20]. One of the most important factors associated with mortality is the complexity or severity of CHD [4,10,12,13,24]. In the Vermont Oxford Network database [12], mortality rates were higher in patients with HLHS and other single-ventricle lesions (85.2% and 84.0%) than in those with tetralogy of Fallot (32.3%), aortic stenosis treated with balloon valvuloplasty (25.0%), coarctation of aorta treated with surgical repair (16.4%), and pulmonic stenosis treated with balloon valvuloplasty (7.4%). In the Kids’ Inpatient Databases cohort [24], the risk of mortality was 3-fold higher for arch anomalies and greater than 10-fold higher for more complex defects, such as a double-outlet right ventricle, HLHS, non-HLHS single-ventricle, and pulmonary atresia. Several studies have used RACHS-1 to categorize the severity of CHD and have shown that RACHS-1 4 or greater is an independent predictor of mortality [4,13,24]. Our data also demonstrated that the severity of CHD was an independent risk factor for mortality, showing that M-RACHS 5 or 6 was a significant risk for death even in the multivariate analysis.

In this study, PPHN and BPD were identified as one of the independent risk factors for death among the total population. The prognosis of PPHN in premature infants or in patients with CHD is unfavourable [17,25]. The incidence of PPHN in premature infants is higher than that in term infants, and the PPHN-associated mortality rate in premature infants is also higher [25]. Recently, pulmonary hypertension in the early neonatal period has been recognized as a pulmonary vascular disease of preterm infants that is associated with BPD, subsequent pulmonary hypertension, and mortality [26]. BPD should be recognized as both an important manifestation of critical CHD that requires prolonged use of a ventilator assist device and a cause of mortality representing pulmonary conditions leading to unfavourable outcomes [11,27,28].

This is a retrospective study conducted at a single center with a small sample size, and risk factors for long-term outcome were not considered. Although infants with CHD of M-RACHS 5 or 6 had higher mortality than those with M-RACHS 1−4, there was no mortality in infants with M-RACHS 4. Larger study population would be required to validate M-RACHS in preterm infants. However, this is the first study using M-RACHS to demonstrate risk factors of mortality in preterm infants with critical CHD in Korea. Because there are many conditions that don’t require intervention during neonatal period, using M-RACHS before surgery would be helpful in predicting prognosis of critical CHD in preterm infants.

In conclusion, VLBW, PPHN, BPD, and M-RACHS 5 or greater were risk factors for mortality in premature infants with critical CHD. PPHN and BPD were important morbidities in premature infants and could worsen the underlying heart disease. These conditions should be managed properly and meticulously, and the timing of intervention should be determined based on the underlying conditions of the preterm infants. Further studies of long-term mortality and morbidities, such as neurodevelopmental outcomes, should be guaranteed.