| Literature DB >> 32616979 |
Cassiano Diniz Carvalho1, Carina Cohen1, Paulo Santoro Belangero1, Alberto de Castro Pochini1, Carlos Vicente Andreoli1, Benno Ejnisman1.
Abstract
Objective To identify the clinical, radiological, and arthroscopic correlation of long head of the biceps tendon injuries and their influence on pain when associated with rotator cuff injuries. Methods Between April and December 2013, 50 patients were evaluated, including 38 (76%) women and 12 (24%) men, with a mean age of 65.1 years old. The patients were operated by the Shoulder and Elbow Group, Discipline of Sports Medicine, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. The subjects underwent repair of the rotator cuff lesion with clinical, radiological and/or arthroscopic evidence of involvement of the long head of the biceps tendon. Results An association between pain at palpation of the intertubercular groove of the humerus and high-grade partial lesions (partial rupture of the tendon affecting more than 50% of its structure) was observed at the arthroscopy ( p = 0.003). There was also an association between the high-grade lesion of the long head of the biceps and injury to the supraspinatus muscle tendon ( p < 0.05). For each centimeter of the supraspinatus muscle tendon injury, the patient presented a 1.7 higher probability of having a high-grade lesion at the long head of the biceps. Conclusion Pain at the anterior shoulder region during palpation of the intertubercular groove of the humerus may be related to high-grade lesions to the long head of the biceps. Rotator cuff injury and its size are risk factors for high-grade injuries to the long head of the biceps tendon.Entities:
Keywords: long head of the biceps; rotator cuff; tendinopathy; tenodesis; tenotomy
Year: 2020 PMID: 32616979 PMCID: PMC7316548 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402472
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Fig. 1Long head of the biceps (LHB) brachii tendon redness.
Fig. 2Long head of the biceps (LHB) brachii tendon flattening.
Descriptive measurements of the numerical variables in a sample consisting of 50 patients
| Variable | Average (standard deviation) | Median (1 st quartile; 3 rd quartile) | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Age (years) | 65.1 (6.2) | 65 (60; 69) | 51–83 |
| Symptom duration (months) | 30.7 (41.4) | 12 (7; 36) | 2–240 |
|
| |||
| Active flexion (°) | 152.2 (31.7) | 160 (140; 180) | 80–180 |
| Passive flexion (°) | 173.2 (13.8) | 180 (170; 180) | 110–180 |
|
| |||
| Size of the lesion at the supraspinatus muscle tendon (cm) | 2.8 (1.2) | 2.9 (1.5; 3.7) | 0.9–5.0 |
Descriptive analysis of the clinical evaluation and physical exam categorical variables
| Clinical evaluation | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Female | 38 (76.0) |
| Male | 12 (24.0) |
|
| |
| Right | 35 (70.0) |
| Left | 15 (30.0) |
|
| |
| No | 14 (28.0) |
| Yes | 36 (72.0) |
|
| |
|
| |
| No | 17 (34.0) |
| Yes | 33 (66.0) |
|
| |
| Negative | 14 (28.0) |
| Positive | 36 (72.0) |
|
| |
| Negative | 11 (22.0) |
| Positive | 39 (78.0) |
|
| |
| Negative | 30 (60.0) |
| Positive | 20 (40.0) |
Descriptive analysis of the radiological evaluation – magnetic resonance imaging
| Radiological evaluation: magnetic resonance imaging | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Total lesion | 1 (2.0) |
| Negative | 3 (6.0) |
| Positive | 46 (92.0) |
|
| |
| No | 29 (58.0) |
| Yes | 21 (42.0) |
|
| |
| No | 34 (68.0) |
| Yes | 16 (32.0) |
|
| |
| I | 8 (16.0) |
| II | 29 (58.0) |
| III | 9 (18.0) |
| No | 4 (8.0) |
|
| |
| No | 43 (86.0) |
| Yes | 7 (14.0) |
|
| |
| No | 48 (96.0) |
| Yes | 2 (4.0) |
Descriptive analysis of the variables evaluated during surgery
| Surgical procedure: arthroscopy | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| No | 6 (12.0) |
| Yes | 44 (88.0) |
|
| |
| No | 23 (46.0) |
| Yes | 27 (54.0) |
|
| |
| No | 7 (14.0) |
| Yes | 43 (86.0) |
|
| |
| No | 20 (40.0) |
| Yes | 30 (60.0) |
|
| |
| No | 40 (80.0) |
| Yes | 10 (20.0) |
|
| |
| No | 38 (76.0) |
| Yes | 12 (24.0) |
|
| |
| No | 39 (78.0) |
| Yes | 11 (22.0) |
|
| |
| No | 47 (94.0) |
| Yes | 3 (6.0) |
|
| |
| II | 3 (6.0) |
| No | 47 (94.0) |
Fig. 3High-degree lesion at the long head of the biceps (LHB) brachii tendon, affecting over 50% of its thickness.
Fig. 4Proximal portion of the long head of the biceps (LHB) brachii tendon, with a lesion affecting over 50% of its thickness, after tenotomy.
Association between pain and physical tests, magnetic resonance imaging findings and intraoperative findingss
| Pain during humerus intertubercular groove palpation |
| |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||
|
| ||||
|
|
Negative (
| 6 (42.9) | 8 (57.1) | ns |
|
Positive (
| 11 (30.6) | 25 (69.4) | ||
|
|
Negative (
| 6 (54.5) | 5 (45.5) | ns |
|
Positive (
| 11 (28.2) | 28 (71.8) | ||
|
|
Negative (
| 12 (40.0) | 18 (60.0) | ns |
|
Positive (
| 5 (25.0) | 15 (75.0) | ||
|
| ||||
|
|
No (
| 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 16 (34.8) | 30 (65.2) | ||
|
|
No (
| 12 (41.4) | 17 (58.6) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 5 (23.8) | 16 (76.2) | ||
|
|
No (
| 13 (38.2) | 21 (61.8) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 4 (25.0) | 12 (75.0) | ||
|
|
No (
| 14 (32.6) | 29 (67.4) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | ||
|
|
No (
| 17 (35.4) | 31 (64.6) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) | ||
|
| ||||
|
|
No (
| 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 13 (29.5) | 31 (70.5) | ||
|
|
No (
| 7 (30.4) | 16 (69.6) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 10 (37.0) | 17 (63.0) | ||
|
|
No (
| 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 14 (32.6) | 29 (67.4) | ||
|
|
No (
| 12 (60.0) | 8 (40.0) | 0.003 |
|
Yes (
| 5 (16.7) | 25 (83.3) | ||
|
|
No (
| 13 (32.5) | 27 (67.5) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 4 (40.0) | 6 (60.0) | ||
|
|
No (
| 13 (34.2) | 25 (65.8) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 4 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) | ||
|
|
No (
| 13 (33.3) | 26 (66.7) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 4 (36.4) | 7 (63.6) | ||
|
|
No (
| 16 (34.0) | 31 (66.0) | ns |
|
Yes (
| 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | ||
Abbreviations: LHB, long head of the biceps brachii; SLAP, superior labral tear from anterior to posterior; ns.
Note: Results expressed as absolute and relative frequencies.
Correlation between long head of the biceps brachii (CLB) lesion at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), physical tests and intraoperative findings
| LHB lesion at MRI |
| |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
No (
|
Yes (
| |||
|
| ||||
|
| No | 1 (33.3) | 16 (34.0) | ns |
| Yes | 2 (66.7) | 31 (66.0) | ||
|
| Negative | 2 (66.7) | 12 (25.5) | ns |
| Positive | 1 (33.3) | 35 (74.5) | ||
|
| Negative | 0 (0.0) | 11 (23.4) | ns |
| Positive | 3 (100.0) | 36 (76.6) | ||
|
| Negative | 2 (66.7) | 28 (59.6) | ns |
| Positive | 1 (33.3) | 19 (40.4) | ||
|
| ||||
|
| No | 1 (33.3) | 5 (10.6) | ns |
| Yes | 2 (66.7) | 42 (89.4) | ||
|
| No | 1 (33.3) | 22 (46.8) | ns |
| Yes | 2 (66.7) | 25 (53.2) | ||
|
| No | 0 (0.0) | 7 (14.9) | ns |
| Yes | 3 (100.0) | 40 (85.1) | ||
|
| No | 1 (33.3) | 19 (40.4) | ns |
| Yes | 2 (66.7) | 28 (59.6) | ||
|
| No | 2 (66.7) | 38 (80.9) | ns |
| Yes | 1 (33.3) | 9 (19.1) | ||
|
| No | 1 (33.3) | 37 (78.7) | ns |
| Yes | 2 (66.7) | 10 (21.3) | ||
|
| No | 1 (33.3) | 38 (80.9) | ns |
| Yes | 2 (66.7) | 9 (19.1) | ||
|
| No | 3 (100.0) | 44 (93.6) | ns |
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 3 (6.4) | ||
|
| II | 0 (0.0) | 3 (6.4) | ns |
| No | 3 (100.0) | 44 (93.6) | ||
Abbreviations: LHB, long head of the biceps brachii; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SLAP, superior labral tear from anterior to posterior; ns.
Fig. 1Hiperemia do tendão da cabeça longa do bíceps (CLB).
Fig. 2Achatamento do tendão da cabeça longa do bíceps (CLB).
Medidas descritivas das variáveis numéricas na amostra de 50 pacientes
| Variável | Média (desvio padrão) | Mediana (1° quartil; 3° quartil) | Amplitude |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Idade (anos) | 65,1 (6,2) | 65 (60; 69) | 51–83 |
| Tempo de sintomatologia (meses) | 30,7 (41,4) | 12 (7; 36) | 2–240 |
|
| |||
| Flexão ativa (°) | 152,2 (31,7) | 160 (140; 180) | 80–180 |
| Flexã passiva (°) | 173,2 (13,8) | 180 (170; 180) | 110–180 |
|
| |||
| Tamanho da lesão do tendão do músculo supraespinal (cm) | 2,8 (1,2) | 2,9 (1,5; 3,7) | 0,9–5,0 |
Análises descritivas das variáveis categóricas da avaliação clínica e do exame físico
| Avaliação clínica | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Feminino | 38 (76,0) |
| Masculino | 12 (24,0) |
|
| |
| Direito | 35 (70,0) |
| Esquerdo | 15 (30,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 14 (28,0) |
| Sim | 36 (72,0) |
|
| |
|
| |
| Não | 17 (34,0) |
| Sim | 33 (66,0) |
|
| |
| Negativo | 14 (28,0) |
| Positivo | 36 (72,0) |
|
| |
| Negativo | 11 (22,0) |
| Positivo | 39 (78,0) |
|
| |
| Negativo | 30 (60,0) |
| Positivo | 20 (40,0) |
Análises descritivas das variáveis categóricas da avaliação radiológica – ressonância magnética
|
| |
|
| |
| Lesão total | 1 (2,0) |
| Negativo | 3 (6,0) |
| Positivo | 46 (92,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 29 (58,0) |
| Sim | 21 (42,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 34 (68,0) |
| Sim | 16 (32,0) |
|
| |
| I | 8 (16,0) |
| II | 29 (58,0) |
| III | 9 (18,0) |
| Não | 4 (8,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 43 (86,0) |
| Sim | 7 (14,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 48 (96,0) |
| Sim | 2 (4,0) |
Análises descritivas das variáveis avaliadas no intraoperatório
|
| |
|
| |
| Não | 6 (12,0) |
| Sim | 44 (88,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 23 (46,0) |
| Sim | 27 (54,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 7 (14,0) |
| Sim | 43 (86,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 20 (40,0) |
| Sim | 30 (60,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 40 (80,0) |
| Sim | 10 (20,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 38 (76,0) |
| Sim | 12 (24,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 39 (78,0) |
| Sim | 11 (22,0) |
|
| |
| Não | 47 (94,0) |
| Sim | 3 (6,0) |
|
| |
| II | 3 (6,0) |
| Não | 47 (94,0) |
Fig. 3Lesão de alto grau do tendão da cabeça longa do bíceps (CLB) acometendo mais de 50% da espessura do tendão.
Fig. 4Porção proximal do tendão da cabeça longa do bíceps (CLB) acometendo mais de 50% da espessura do tendão após tenotomia.
Associação entre dor e testes do exame físico, achados da ressonância magnética e achados intraoperatórios
| Dor à palpação do sulco intertubercular do úmero |
Valor de
| |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Não | Sim | |||
|
| ||||
|
|
Negativo (
| 6 (42,9) | 8 (57,1) | ns |
|
Positivo (
| 11 (30,6) | 25 (69,4) | ||
|
|
Negativo (
| 6 (54,5) | 5 (45,5) | ns |
|
Positivo (
| 11 (28,2) | 28 (71,8) | ||
|
|
Negativo (
| 12 (40,0) | 18 (60,0) | ns |
|
Positivo (
| 5 (25,0) | 15 (75,0) | ||
|
| ||||
|
|
Não (
| 1 (33,3) | 2 (66,7) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 16 (34,8) | 30 (65,2) | ||
|
|
Não (
| 12 (41,4) | 17 (58,6) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 5 (23,8) | 16 (76,2) | ||
|
|
Não (
| 13 (38,2) | 21 (61,8) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 4 (25,0) | 12 (75,0) | ||
|
|
Não (
| 14 (32,6) | 29 (67,4) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 3 (42,9) | 4 (57,1) | ||
|
|
Não (
| 17 (35,4) | 31 (64,6) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 0 (0,0) | 2 (100,0) | ||
|
| ||||
|
|
Não (
| 4 (66,7) | 2 (33,3) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 13 (29,5) | 31 (70,5) | ||
|
|
Não (
| 7 (30,4) | 16 (69,6) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 10 (37,0) | 17 (63,0) | ||
|
|
Não (
| 3 (42,9) | 4 (57,1) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 14 (32,6) | 29 (67,4) | ||
|
|
Não (
| 12 (60,0) | 8 (40,0) | 0,003 |
|
Sim (
| 5 (16,7) | 25 (83,3) | ||
|
|
Não (
| 13 (32,5) | 27 (67,5) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 4 (40,0) | 6 (60,0) | ||
|
|
Não (
| 13 (34,2) | 25 (65,8) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 4 (33,3) | 8 (66,7) | ||
|
|
Não (
| 13 (33,3) | 26 (66,7) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 4 (36,4) | 7 (63,6) | ||
|
|
Não (
| 16 (34,0) | 31 (66,0) | ns |
|
Sim (
| 1 (33,3) | 2 (66,7) | ||
Abreviaturas: CLB, cabeça longa do bíceps; SLAP, superior labral tear from anterior to posterior ; ns.
Nota: Resultados expressos em frequências absoluta e relativa.
Correlação da lesão da CLB na ressonância magnética com os testes do exame físico e achados intraoperatórios
| Lesão da CLB na RM |
Valor de
| |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Não (
|
Sim (
| |||
|
| ||||
|
| Não | 1 (33,3) | 16 (34,0) | ns |
| Sim | 2 (66,7) | 31 (66,0) | ||
|
| Negativo | 2 (66,7) | 12 (25,5) | ns |
| Positivo | 1 (33,3) | 35 (74,5) | ||
|
| Negativo | 0 (0,0) | 11 (23,4) | ns |
| Positivo | 3 (100,0) | 36 (76,6) | ||
|
| Negativo | 2 (66,7) | 28 (59,6) | ns |
| Positivo | 1 (33,3) | 19 (40,4) | ||
|
| ||||
|
| Não | 1 (33,3) | 5 (10,6) | ns |
| Sim | 2 (66,7) | 42 (89,4) | ||
|
| Não | 1 (33,3) | 22 (46,8) | ns |
| Sim | 2 (66,7) | 25 (53,2) | ||
|
| Não | 0 (0,0) | 7 (14,9) | ns |
| Sim | 3 (100,0) | 40 (85,1) | ||
|
| Não | 1 (33,3) | 19 (40,4) | ns |
| Sim | 2 (66,7) | 28 (59,6) | ||
|
| Não | 2 (66,7) | 38 (80,9) | ns |
| Sim | 1 (33,3) | 9 (19,1) | ||
|
| Não | 1 (33,3) | 37 (78,7) | ns |
| Sim | 2 (66,7) | 10 (21,3) | ||
|
| Não | 1 (33,3) | 38 (80,9) | ns |
| Sim | 2 (66,7) | 9 (19,1) | ||
|
| Não | 3 (100,0) | 44 (93,6) | ns |
| Sim | 0 (0,0) | 3 (6,4) | ||
|
| II | 0 (0,0) | 3 (6,4) | ns |
| Não | 3 (100,0) | 44 (93,6) | ||
Abreviaturas: CLB, cabeça longa do bíceps; RM, ressonância magnética; SLAP, superior labral tear from anterior to posterior ; ns.