Uma R Mohan1, Andrew J Watrous2, Jonathan F Miller1, Bradley C Lega3, Michael R Sperling4, Gregory A Worrell5, Robert E Gross6, Kareem A Zaghloul7, Barbara C Jobst8, Kathryn A Davis9, Sameer A Sheth10, Joel M Stein11, Sandhitsu R Das11, Richard Gorniak12, Paul A Wanda13, Daniel S Rizzuto14, Michael J Kahana13, Joshua Jacobs15. 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 10027, USA. 2. Department of Neurology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. 3. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. 4. Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. 5. Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. 6. Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. 7. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. 8. Department of Neurology, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA. 9. Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. 10. Department of Neurological Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. 11. Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. 12. Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. 13. Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA. 14. Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA; Nia Therapeutics, Inc, Radnor, PA, 19087, USA. 15. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 10027, USA. Electronic address: joshua.jacobs@columbia.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Researchers have used direct electrical brain stimulation to treat a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, for brain stimulation to be maximally effective, clinicians and researchers should optimize stimulation parameters according to desired outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The goal of our large-scale study was to comprehensively evaluate the effects of stimulation at different parameters and locations on neuronal activity across the human brain. METHODS: To examine how different kinds of stimulation affect human brain activity, we compared the changes in neuronal activity that resulted from stimulation at a range of frequencies, amplitudes, and locations with direct human brain recordings. We recorded human brain activity directly with electrodes that were implanted in widespread regions across 106 neurosurgical epilepsy patients while systematically stimulating across a range of parameters and locations. RESULTS: Overall, stimulation most often had an inhibitory effect on neuronal activity, consistent with earlier work. When stimulation excited neuronal activity, it most often occurred from high-frequency stimulation. These effects were modulated by the location of the stimulating electrode, with stimulation sites near white matter more likely to cause excitation and sites near gray matter more likely to inhibit neuronal activity. CONCLUSION: By characterizing how different stimulation parameters produced specific neuronal activity patterns on a large scale, our results provide an electrophysiological framework that clinicians and researchers may consider when designing stimulation protocols to cause precisely targeted changes in human brain activity.
BACKGROUND: Researchers have used direct electrical brain stimulation to treat a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, for brain stimulation to be maximally effective, clinicians and researchers should optimize stimulation parameters according to desired outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The goal of our large-scale study was to comprehensively evaluate the effects of stimulation at different parameters and locations on neuronal activity across the human brain. METHODS: To examine how different kinds of stimulation affect human brain activity, we compared the changes in neuronal activity that resulted from stimulation at a range of frequencies, amplitudes, and locations with direct human brain recordings. We recorded human brain activity directly with electrodes that were implanted in widespread regions across 106 neurosurgical epilepsypatients while systematically stimulating across a range of parameters and locations. RESULTS: Overall, stimulation most often had an inhibitory effect on neuronal activity, consistent with earlier work. When stimulation excited neuronal activity, it most often occurred from high-frequency stimulation. These effects were modulated by the location of the stimulating electrode, with stimulation sites near white matter more likely to cause excitation and sites near gray matter more likely to inhibit neuronal activity. CONCLUSION: By characterizing how different stimulation parameters produced specific neuronal activity patterns on a large scale, our results provide an electrophysiological framework that clinicians and researchers may consider when designing stimulation protocols to cause precisely targeted changes in human brain activity.
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