Clinical effectiveness of primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results of the EU-CERT-ICD controlled multicentre cohort study.

AIMS: The EUropean Comparative Effectiveness Research to Assess the Use of Primary ProphylacTic Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (EU-CERT-ICD), a prospective investigator-initiated, controlled cohort study, was conducted in 44 centres and 15 European countries. It aimed to assess current clinical effectiveness of primary prevention ICD therapy. METHODS AND
RESULTS: We recruited 2327 patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and guideline indications for prophylactic ICD implantation. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Clinical characteristics, medications, resting, and 12-lead Holter electrocardiograms (ECGs) were documented at enrolment baseline. Baseline and follow-up (FU) data from 2247 patients were analysable, 1516 patients before first ICD implantation (ICD group) and 731 patients without ICD serving as controls. Multivariable models and propensity scoring for adjustment were used to compare the two groups for mortality. During mean FU of 2.4 ± 1.1 years, 342 deaths occurred (6.3%/years annualized mortality, 5.6%/years in the ICD group vs. 9.2%/years in controls), favouring ICD treatment [unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.682, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.537-0.865, P = 0.0016]. Multivariable mortality predictors included age, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), New York Heart Association class <III, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Adjusted mortality associated with ICD vs. control was 27% lower (HR 0.731, 95% CI 0.569-0.938, P = 0.0140). Subgroup analyses indicated no ICD benefit in diabetics (adjusted HR = 0.945, P = 0.7797, P for interaction = 0.0887) or those aged ≥75 years (adjusted HR 1.063, P = 0.8206, P for interaction = 0.0902).
CONCLUSION: In contemporary ICM/DCM patients (LVEF ≤35%, narrow QRS), primary prophylactic ICD treatment was associated with a 27% lower mortality after adjustment. There appear to be patients with less survival advantage, such as older patients or diabetics.

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Introduction

Several landmark studies have long established that implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy improves survival for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have, therefore, been considered routine treatment since inclusion in international guidelines., Almost two decades later, there is clear evidence that all-cause mortality and appropriate shock rates have decreased, and vary considerably dependent on comorbidities. Because of these developments, many ICD patients never receive appropriate shocks from their device because of competing risk of non-arrhythmic death or because of low arrhythmic risk. The recent results of the DANISH ICD study even questioned the overall survival benefit of ICD therapy in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). Improved selection of individual patients with a significant mortality benefit from ICD therapy is urgently required. Risk stratification parameters and methods for this purpose are clinically underused., To address this issue, we conducted a large prospective investigator-initiated, non-randomized, controlled, multicentre cohort study at 44 centres across 15 European countries. At the outset and during the conduct of the study, the design of a randomized trial was unanimously considered unethical by the group because of the wide implementation of ICD therapy and unequivocal guidelines. Therefore, as the most meaningful design, we designed a prospective non-randomized controlled study with vigorous statistics and obtained funding from the European Union. We aimed to assess present-day benefit from prophylactic ICD therapy and set out to test multiple combinations of risk factors to predict risks of mortality and ICD shocks vs. risks of non-arrhythmic mortality. Special emphasis was given to identify subgroups with greater or lesser advantage from ICD therapy.

Methods

Study design and patients

The ‘EUropean Comparative Effectiveness Research to assess the use of primary prophylacTic Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (EU-CERT-ICD)’ was funded by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) as a modular research project to investigate the effectiveness of prophylactic ICDs. The study protocol and the prospective study objectives have been published previously. The EU-CERT-ICD prospective trial was an investigator-initiated non-randomized, open, controlled, multicentre cohort study in 2327 patients with ICM or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and candidates for primary prevention ICD therapy by current guidelines. Following written informed consent, patients with a minimum age ≥18 years were enrolled if their left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was ≤35% and their New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class was II or III (or NYHA functional Class I and LVEF ≤30%). Patients were screened from heart failure patients being treated by the local investigators or their institution or referrals for ICD implantation. Based on the large disparities of ICD implant rates between the participating countries, we planned to recruit a non-randomized group of 750 comparable patients without ICDs to generate comparative data on current ICD survival benefit. Enrolment to both non-randomized groups occurred simultaneously and consecutively until November 2017, after which date only controls were enrolled to complete the respective group. The decision for or against ICD treatment was not part of the study. Optimal pharmacologic treatment of heart failure and correct timing from the diagnosis of underlying heart disease and acute myocardial infarction was also required. Patients with a secondary prophylactic ICD indication were excluded, as where patients with planned implantation of a device for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT-D or CRT-P). Further exclusion criteria were unstable cardiac condition (i.e. acute ischaemia or NYHA IV), persistent higher degree atrioventricular block, previous pacemaker or cardiac device therapy, or a limited life expectancy ≤1 year. In the ICD group, we enrolled more than 1500 analysable patients at first ICD implantation. Participating countries were Hungary, Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic in Eastern Europe; Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and Switzerland in Western/Central Europe; Denmark, Sweden, Finland in Northern Europe (i.e. Scandinavia); and Spain, and Greece in Southern Europe. Control patients were required to fulfil a primary prevention guideline indication, with reasons for non-ICD status entirely unrelated to the study. It was documented whether the patient refused to have a recommended ICD implanted, whether the ICD was not sufficiently reimbursed by the healthcare system, or whether other reasons existed. After the dropout rate ≈3% was observed, 2330 targeted patients resulted in 2250 analysable patients. The study protocol was approved by all local ethics committees. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) principles.

Outcomes

The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Co-primary endpoint in ICD patients was time to first appropriate ICD shock. Secondary endpoints included SCD. All endpoints were reviewed by the external endpoint committee which provided blind adjudication. Each death was classified as SCD, cardiac, non-cardiac, or unknown. ICD shocks were adjudicated after review of device electrograms and classified as appropriate or inappropriate.

Procedures

At enrolment baseline, 12-lead Holter data for 24-h were collected for the purposes of ECG-based risk stratification. Some of these measurements were not possible in atrial fibrillation, therefore, the number of patients with atrial fibrillation was limited to 15% by study protocol. Echocardiography was used to measure LVEF. Underlying cardiac disease, NYHA functional class, pulse rate, resting blood pressure, weight, height, cardiovascular pharmacological treatment, peripheral arterial disease, cerebral vascular disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sleep apnoea, tobacco use, any malignant disease, and standard laboratory parameters including creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum blood urea nitrogen, and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) or BNP were documented. All ICD patients were followed in the outpatient clinic or remotely every 3–6 months. By protocol, ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) therapy zones, and a monitor zone were mandated at enrolment. The zone limits actually used at baseline were 173 ± 11 b.p.m., 192 ± 11 b.p.m., and 237 ± 15 b.p.m. During follow-up (FU), 85% (n = 1288) of ICD patients had identical programming, altogether zone limits did not change significantly. Episodes of shock or anti-tachycardic pacing were adjudicated. Patients in the non-ICD control group were scheduled for visits every 6 to 12 months according to their clinical needs. In both groups, information was also retrieved via telephone and/or mail from patients, relatives, general practitioners, hospital records, or local authorities. If patients underwent heart transplant or implantation of a ventricular assist device, FU was censored. Clinical research organization services were provided by the Clinical Trial Unit of the University Medical Center Göttingen. Data quality was monitored in all centres using central monitoring with query management, and additional on-site monitoring. The purpose of monitoring was to ensure optimal data quality and adherence with study protocol and GCP guidelines. Web-based data capture and data collection were done in secuTrial (current version) according to GCP standards.

Statistical analysis

Baseline characteristics are summarized as means (standard deviations) and frequencies (percentages) for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. They are reported overall and by intervention group. The recruiting centres were grouped into four regions as described above.

The primary endpoint all-cause mortality was displayed using Kaplan–Meier curves and analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression. The proportionality assumption was checked by log-minus-log plots of the survival probabilities. To account for the non-randomized nature of this study and the potential differences in patient characteristics between the ICD and control groups, the primary analysis was stratified by region and adjusted for a number of baseline variables which were identified using stepwise selection with P ≤ 0.10 as entry and stay criterion. A number of interactions between the ICD effect and baseline characteristics were considered. These included sex, age group, ICM/DCM, mortality risk group, diabetes, and region. Several propensity score approaches were applied as sensitivity analyses., These included stratification for quintiles of the propensity score, propensity score matching and inclusion of the propensity score as covariate. To build the propensity score a logistic regression analysis was conducted considering a number of potential confounders including demographics, clinical characteristics, such as comorbidities, co-medication, laboratory parameters, and ECG parameters including QRS duration, QT interval duration, and QTc duration as independent variables. When building propensity scores, the description of this well characterized study population included a fairly large number of baseline variables. This also encouraged us to explore a careful model selection as unneccessarily large numbers of covariables should be avoided. Supporting sensitivity analyses were conducted based on a propensity score with model selection from all baseline characteristics mentioned above. The variable selection used stepwise selection with P ≤0.05 as entry and stay criterion. These resulted in confidence intervals (CIs) largely overlapping with those reported in the manuscript based on the procedure with variable selection. To check whether propensity score matching was successful, the so-called Love plots were generated. In the ICD patients, the co-primary endpoint time-to-first appropriate shock was visually summarized by cumulative incidence functions and further analysed by Fine and Gray proportional subdistribution hazard models. Model selection was based on a backward selection procedure with P ≤0.10 as criterion.

All analyses were conducted following the intention-to-treat principle. As the proportion of patients with missing items was 4% (93 out of 2247), complete case analyses were conducted. Two-sided P-values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4.

As described in the design paper, sample size calculations were performed for the comparison of ICD patients with controls regarding mortality and for stratification of the ICD cohort with regard to appropriate shocks and mortality. With exponential survival times, annual all-cause mortalities of 4–5%,, a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.7 as observed in MADIT-II, recruitment over 3 years, and a study duration of 4 years, a sample of 1500 ICD patients, and 750 control patients was required for a power of 80% at the two-sided significance level of 5%. For the comparison of the primary endpoint between the ICD group and the control group (allocation ratio 2:1), a total number of 279 events was required. From own data, we inferred that independent binary or dichotomized risk stratifiers provide HRs of ∼2 between a high- and a low-risk groups. Assuming a group size ratio of 2:1, Schoenfeld’s formula for time-to-event data yielded that 122 deaths were required to achieve a power of 95% for a two-sided test at the significance level of 5% assuming an HR of 2. Correspondingly, 108 appropriate ICD shocks were required if the ratio of high and low-risk group sizes was 1:1 and an annual appropriate ICD shock rate of about 4.5% was observed. Assuming exponentially distributed event times, 108 events could be expected to be observed within 4 years as long as at least a total of 1476 ICD patients were recruited. Adjusting for some dropout, we aimed to recruit 1500 patients with ICD.

Results

Between 12 May 2014 and 6 September 2018, 2327 patients were enrolled (Figure ), thereof 1553 ICD patients and 774 controls. Approximately one-half of the patients were from Eastern Europe (n = 1136, 49%). Eastern European countries enrolled a majority of control patients (n = 492, 63%) but only 41% of ICD patients (n = 644). The other regions also contributed significant numbers to both groups, making regional comparisons and stratification by region feasible. After screening failures, data erasing requests, and additional reasons for exclusion from the data set, 2247 patients were analysable. Accordingly, 1516 patients were enrolled at first ICD implantation (ICD group), whereas 731 patients who did not receive an ICD despite an indication were enrolled to the control group. The majority of the control patients (54%) were recruited from countries where primary prophylactic ICD treatment was practically unavailable due to national guidelines or lack of reimbursement (Bulgaria n = 122; Croatia n = 245; Denmark, only for DCM n = 25). In addition, there were 172 patients across all remaining countries noted as ICD refusers, i.e. patients who were offered ICD implantation and had a non-ICD status by personal preference.

Patient flowchart (n = 2327 patients).

Patient characteristics are shown in Table  (for distribution of patient characteristics across regions, see Supplementary material online, ). Despite the non-randomized design, patients in the ICD and control groups were comparable for many but not all variables. For eight variables shown in Table , the difference between the ICD and control groups was not significant. For additional variables, the differences were small in absolute and relative terms, however, statistically significant with large patient numbers. Baseline patient characteristics for the ICD vs. control group and stratified by propensity score quintiles are shown in Supplementary material online, and standardized differences following propensity score matching are displayed in Supplementary material online, . The large majority of patients in both groups received heart failure medications according to the ESC Guidelines. Among others, 94% of all patients had beta blockers, 91% angiotensin converting enzyme or AT1 antagonists, 72% had loop diuretics, and 75% mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA). The mean LVEF was 28%. The study population was predominantly male, with 18% females in both groups. The mean age was 62 years, 341 patients (15.2%) were aged ≥75 years. As the leading cardiac disease, ICM was diagnosed in 65%. The following devices were implanted at baseline in the ICD group: a single-chamber ICD in 1192 patients (78.6%), a dual-chamber ICD in 298 patients (19.7%), and a subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) in 24 patients (1.6%). By study protocol, none of the patients was implanted a CRT device. At the decision of the treating physicians, 61 control group patients received an ICD during the study for various reasons (crossover after a mean of 1.1 ± 1.0 years). Extraction of the ICD or deactivation occurred in nine ICD patients (after 0.8 ± 0.8 years). Crossover patients remained in the study on an intention-to-treat basis.

As of 15 May 2019, baseline and FU data (mean 2.4 ± 1.1 years, maximum 4.8 years) of 2247 patients with sample sizes and events as per the initial calculation were analysable in two non-randomized treatment groups. The ICD group had a mean FU time of 2.7 ± 1.0 years compared to 1.7 ± 1.2 years for controls. The respective FU time for ICD shocks was 2.5 ± 1.0 years. During FU, 342 deaths occurred (n = 228 ICD group, n = 114 control, annualized mortalities: 6.3%/years overall, 5.5%/years ICD; 9.2%/years control). Kaplan–Meier curves for mortality are shown in . Kaplan–Meier curves for mortality by regions are displayed in Supplementary material online, . There was heterogeneity of mortality between regions, largely displayed by a higher all-cause mortality in the Eastern European sites. We, therefore, stratified multivariate models by region. The lowest all-cause mortality was observed in the Scandinavian sites, as compared to western and southern Europe. Supplementary material online, shows that there was no difference in control group survival when comparing patients enrolled during the first half of the study as compared with later patients.

Take home figure

Unadjusted all-cause mortality of the ICD group (blue line) and the control group (red line). There is an unadjusted 32% difference in survival between the ICD group and the control group. CI, confidence interval.

A stepwise multivariate Cox regression model was used to identify independent predictors of mortality. The final multivariate Cox model is shown in Table . There were 93 cases (4.1%) with missing values up to n = 50 (2.2%) for haemoglobin and n = 34 (1.5%) for creatinine. All other missing values were fewer. Multivariable predictors of the primary endpoint included age, LVEF, NYHA class creatinine, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and QTc.

Using the multivariable models for correction, the adjusted difference in survival between the ICD and control group was found to be 27% (adjusted HR 0.731, 95% CI 0.569–0.938, P = 0.0140), see also Supplementary material online, . Adjustments based on propensity scoring yielded very similar results. Table  shows the results of sensitivity analyses using several adjustment methods to calculate the difference in survival between the ICD and control group. These are consistent with each other. Supplementary material online, shows additional sensitivity analyses based on a propensity score with variable selection. Sudden cardiac death was considerably lower in the ICD group as compared to the control group (Figure ). Nineteen SCDs occurred in the ICD group, while 32 were seen in the control group (unadjusted HR 0.158, 95% CI 0.086–0.293, P < 0.0001). One-hundred and seven patients had a first appropriate shock (annualized rate: 2.8%/year), with a total of 148 appropriate shocks. Of these, 24 patients had two or more appropriate shocks. The VT/VF initially encountered in the first 107 shocks had an average cycle length of 234 ± 37 ms (heart rate 256 b.p.m.), thereof 13 episodes were described as accelerating and the terminated arrhythmia had a cycle length of 199 ± 35 ms (heart rate 302 b.p.m.). The final Fine and Gray competing risk multivariate shock model is shown in Table . Only one patient was reported with a successful resuscitation in the control group and was subsequently implanted an ICD. A total of 43 patients (1.9%) were reported with presumed cardiac and potentially arrhythmogenic syncope, 35 in the ICD group (2.3%), and 8 in the non-ICD group (1.1%). A total of 106 inappropriate shocks occurred in 39 patients (annualized rate to first event: 1.0%). ICD revisions during FU occurred in 112 patients (annualized rate: 2.7%). Reasons for reintervention were revisions for lead defects, lead dislocations or perforations n = 52, infection n = 23, pocket haematoma n = 4, generator replacement with or without lead revision n = 8, ICD upgrades n = 13, explantation n = 8, and other n = 4.

Forest plot of adjusted hazard ratios, confidence intervals, P-values, and P for interaction for the comparison of mortalities in the ICD group v. the control group. Shown are elderly patients ≥75 vs. <75 years, diabetes vs. no diabetes, ischaemic cardiomyopathy vs. dilated cardiomyopathy as cardiac disease, patients in the highest risk group of mortalities (highest quintile of mortality score) vs. the remaining four quintiles, patients with New York Heart Association ≥III vs. patients from the Eastern region vs. non-Eastern regions, male vs. female patients. The number of patients and events (and the percentage) is given. Note that the duration of follow-up also adds to the difference of hazard ratios. DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; ICM, ischaemic cardiomyopathy; NYHA, New York Heart Association functional class.

Figure  shows that an improved survival associated with the ICD was not present in those aged ≥75 years (adjusted HR 1.063, P = 0.8206, Pinteraction = 0.0902), or in diabetics (adjusted HR = 0.945, P = 0.7797, Pinteraction = 0.0887). When stratifying by ICM and DCM, we found lower event rates in DCM patients, but a higher difference between ICD group and control group survival (ICM: HR 0.790, 95% CI 0.580–1.060, P = 0.1160; DCM: HR 0.590, 95% CI 0.380–0.910, P = 0.017, Pinteraction for ICM/DCM was 0.2727). Patients with NYHA ≥III showed an adjusted HR of 0.835, 95% CI 0.605–1.153, P = 0.2739, while patients with NYHA mortality associated with the ICD (adjusted HR 0.604, 95% CI 0.417–0.874, P = 0.0075, Pinteraction = 0.1816). In the eastern European region, we found a 23% lower mortality associated with the ICD (HR 0.770, 95% CI 0.570–1.040, P = 0.0850). The Pinteraction between regions was 0.6136. In men, the adjusted HR was 0.691, P = 0.0067, in women we found an adjusted HR of 1.015, P = 0.9631, Pinteraction = 0.2717. In order to test ICD efficacy in relation to underlying mortality risk, the above-described multivariate Cox regression model for mortality was used as a risk score with the cohort divided into risk quintiles both in the ICD group and the control group (Supplementary material online, Figures S8 and S9). In the highest risk quintile of the ICD group, there were 3-year mortalities as high as 40% as well as a smaller difference between ICD and control mortalities (adjusted HR = 0.8880, 95% CI 0.622–1.2680, P = 0.5135). Because of the lower number of events in the low-risk and lowest-risk quintiles, we combined the lower four quintiles for a total of 166 deaths vs. 160 deaths. The adjusted HR for ICD vs. control in the lower four quintiles was 0.6220, 95% CI 0.445–0.870, P = 0.0055. Pinteraction was 0.142 for the ICD effect in the highest quintiles vs. the lower four quintiles.

Cumulative incidence of sudden cardiac deaths in the ICD group vs. control group. The incidence of sudden cardiac death is much lower in the ICD group as compared with the control group. .

Discussion

In typical European patients eligible for primary prophylactic ICD therapy, the results of the EU-CERT-ICD study showed that the overall patient cohort exhibited a significant 27% difference between the survivals of the ICD and control groups, representative of ICD survival benefit. This difference was apparent over the whole FU period, and it was reproducible using different statistical methods of adjustment for remaining baseline differences. Matching of baseline characteristics between ICD and control group was overall fairly good, so that residual differences were correctable by appropriate statistical methodologies. To manage the potential differences within Europe, we stratified all analyses by region. Restricting the analyses to Eastern Europe, where the most patients were recruited, demonstrated comparable results and confirmed a 23% ICD survival benefit.

Therefore, our study data confirmed prospectively for prophylactic ICM/DCM patients that the relative benefit found in the early studies MADIT-II, SCD-HeFT and DEFINITE is sustained 15–20 years later. The usefulness of the ICD for primary prevention of SCD is remarkable in light of the improvement of all-cause mortality and appropriate shock rates in the past decades.,,,, However, similar HRs correspond to a similar change in relative risk which may currently be a lower absolute number. The EU-CERT-ICD study is unique in providing contemporary information on outcomes and usefulness of the ICD throughout Europe, as it was conducted in 15 representative countries. The data is not contradicting the more recent DANISH ICD study but expands the randomized DANISH data in non-ICM patients to a wider population of ICM and DCM patients with an LVEF ≤35% and potential indications for single- or dual-chamber primary prevention ICD implantation, and without CRT indications. When comparing the ICD survival difference of 27% in our study between ICM and DCM, we found no evidence for a lower benefit in DCM patients. This is in line with the DANISH study because the overall risk was found to be low in Denmark, and a significant proportion of their patients were treated with CRT.

A second finding of our prospective study was that the usefulness of the ICD was unevenly distributed in the overall cohort and was highly reduced in defined patient subgroups. It was our prospective hypothesis to identify such groups, to our knowledge EU-CERT-ICD is the first prospective study evaluating these hypotheses. Clinically relevant examples from our data are elderly patients ≥75 years (adjusted HR = 1.063, P = 0.8206, Pinteraction=0.0902), and diabetics (adjusted HR 0.945, P = 0.7797, Pinteraction=0.0887). These numbers show that there was a trend towards a significant interaction effect for elderly ≥75 years and diabetics. Of note, our study could not be powered for interaction testing, which would have required a much higher number of patients. Borderline P-interactions between 0.05 < P < 0.10 in a study of the present size may therefore not exclude a true effect.

Our findings in diabetics agree well with a meta-analysis of 3345 retrospectively identified patients in the early landmark studies which confirmed that diabetics did not have a survival benefit, as well as recent findings from the retrospective EU-CERT-ICD registry project in 3535 patients. Importantly, our results concur with a substudy from DANISH demonstrating that elderly patients ≥68 years did not experience ICD survival benefit. The overall group of the DANISH study (n = 1116 patients) did not show a significant survival benefit (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.68–1.12, P = 0.28) which we do not consider contradicting our study findings. In the secondary DANISH publication on the effect of age, it was shown that younger patients <70 years did benefit from the ICD (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51–0.96, P = 0.03) while older patients ≥70 years did not (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.68–1.62, P = 0.84). A significant interaction of the survival effect for age was found in DANISH (P = 0.009). These effects of age on ICD survival benefit in DANISH are well in line with our current study, where younger patients <75 years did benefit (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.49–0.85, P = 0.0017) while older patients ≥75 years did not (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.63–1.80, P = 0.82). We found a trend for a significant interaction of the survival effect for age (P = 0.0902).

Furthermore, for men, our adjusted HR was 0.691, P = 0.0067, with considerable contrast for women the adjusted HR was 1.015, P = 0.9631, Pinteraction = 0.2717. Notably, only 18% of our patients were women. This would correspond to an absent benefit, as hypothesized in the literature., The interaction-P for these comparisons was non-significant, and higher patient and/or event numbers in this subgroup are needed. This is also true for the ICD patients on the lower end of the mortality spectrum where we could not draw a conclusion from our study because of the low number of events and shorter FU compared to the risk assessment papers from the SCD-HeFT and MADIT-II. We could confirm findings from SCD-HeFT2 and a later meta-analysis by Friedman et al. in that the usefulness of the ICD seems to be better in heart failure patients in NYHA II functional class as compared to NYHA III patients. These examples of absent ICD benefit are best explained with higher competing risks of non-sudden or non-cardiac deaths.,,,, Publications comparing ICD vs. non-ICD in typical primary prevention patients have so far relied on meta-analyses of early ICD trials or propensity-score matching of selected retrospective registry patients.

We could demonstrate that a relatively low percentage of patients treated by an appropriate shock per year (2.8%) is associated with a significant difference in overall survival and SCD. We believe that using modern programming as in our study, a large proportion of appropriate shocks are lifesaving. Shocks alone do not fully explain the observed differences, the potential gap might be related to improved awareness and better surveillance of ICD patients. There were moderate regional mortality differences with higher and lower mortality rates in the Eastern European countries and in Scandinavia, respectively. In general, heart failure medications reached very high percentages in all regions and centres of our study. As hypothesized, valid risk scores for mortality and shock could be provided. We confirmed mortality markers identified by multiple study groups including our own with high accuracy.,,,,,, In the group with the highest mortality, a comparison with the control group quintile showed that the survival difference associated with the ICD is smaller, a finding similar to Levy et al. However, the interaction of the HR in the highest mortality quintile vs. the remaining four quintiles was not significant, P = 0.142. In order to stratify ICD survival benefit further, we have also measured several advanced risk stratification electrocardiographic markers which will be presented separately.,, They may also be used in combinations with cardiovascular history and biomarkers, as previously exemplified., Since there were subgroups with no or only a small survival benefit of the ICD, such as older patients, diabetics, or patients with advanced heart failure, individualized treatment strategies need to be explored. While results of randomized studies are needed, these may also include withholding ICD therapy from the described patient subgroups. Since the same subgroups were identified in other studies, controlled randomized investigations now appear justified. Viewed from healthcare payers’ and societies’ perspectives, the decision for or against primary prophylactic ICD implantation bears significant relevance in terms of cost-effectiveness. The EU-CERT-ICD project will subsequently feature health economics analyses incorporating the original study data presented here.

Based on our study results, primary prophylactic ICD therapy should remain the standard of care in patients with ischaemic or non-ICM and reduced LVEF without CRT treatment. Our study confirmed the overall mortality benefit of prophylactic ICD implantation. No subgroups were identified in which such therapy would be harmful. Nevertheless, the decision for or against ICD therapy should remain case-specific, especially because of its invasiveness and potential complications. Our results, therefore, assist the individual patient, who has to make a personal therapy decision while considering individual circumstances and preferences.

Randomized ICD studies of prophylactic ICD indications are presently ongoing. The RESET-CRT trial (NCT03494933) in patients with an LVEF ≤35% and CRT treatment (CRT-D vs. CRT-P) has been recruiting patients since 2018, and a randomized ICM study has just been funded. The I-70 study by the US Veterans Administration (NCT02121158) is randomizing elderly patients ≥70 years to ICD vs. optimal medical therapy. The DO-IT study will report outcomes in 1500 primary prophylactic ICD patients from the Netherlands, however, without control patients.

Limitations of our study need to be recognized. The study design brought about the limitations and possible biases of a non-randomized, controlled study, including the possibility of different unmeasured or unidentified confounders. Nonetheless, the non-randomized controlled study design was considered as the best feasible design in the planning and funding stage of the project. A randomized design was rejected by the study group when planning the project or later. As demonstrated here, a significant number of patients have a clear benefit from the ICD. The non-randomized study design was accounted for using various advanced statistical methods so that the authors are convinced that the results comparing the two study groups are valid. Because of a somewhat later enrolment during the study, control group FUs were shorter than ICD FUs. There was, however, no difference in non-ICD group survival in control patients enrolled during the first half of the study as compared with later patients. Regular ICD clinic schedules after implantation led to ICD group patients having more frequent visits with treating cardiologists. Missing endpoints based on patient reporting, such as arrhythmogenic syncope or successful resuscitation, cannot be fully ruled out and would have favoured the control group. A treatment bias with improved outcomes in the ICD patients as compared to the control patients cannot be ruled out. However, we do not consider it likely because not all ICD clinics were actively involved in heart failure management. Heart failure treatment in both groups was on a high level, and the statistical methods for adjustment of outcomes specifically reflected medications. Furthermore, only ICD complications leading to revision procedures were reported.

Conclusion

In ICM and DCM patients with an LVEF of 35% or less, narrow QRS and contemporary pharmacological treatment, primary prophylactic ICD treatment showed an adjusted 27% survival benefit in typical European patients with low to moderate mortality. In the ICD group, this benefit was associated with a markedly lower rate of SCD and the percentage of patients treated with appropriate shocks. Since there were patient groups with less ICD survival benefit, such as older patients or diabetics, individualized treatment strategies are needed.

Click here for additional data file.

Table 1

Patient characteristics at baseline (n = 2247)

Baseline characteristics	ICD group		Control group		Total		Standard difference	P-value
Number of patients	1516		731		2247
Female	274	(18.1)	134	(18.3)	408	(18.2)	−0.01	0.8822
Region							0.66	<0.0001
Eastern	644	(42.5)	492	(67.3)	1136	(50.6)
Northern	150	(9.9)	35	(4.8)	185	(8.2)
Southern	90	(5.9)	78	(10.7)	168	(7.5)
Western	632	(41.7)	126	(17.2)	758	(33.7)
Age (years)	61.9	11.5	63.4	11.7	62.4	11.6	−0.13	0.0040
BMI (kg/m2)	27.8	5.2	28.3	5.1	27.9	5.2	−0.10	0.0050
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.156	0.589	1.225	0.600	1.179	0.594	−0.12	<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74.0	11.1	75.2	11.2	74.4	11.1	−0.12	0.0061
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	13.8	1.9	13.9	1.8	13.8	1.8	−0.01	0.4227
LVEF (%)	27.5	5.6	29.1	5.5	28.0	5.6	−0.30	<0.0001
QTc (ms)	438.8	38.7	431.9	51.5	436.6	43.3	0.15	0.0015
QRS (ms)	106.3	17.2	103.8	18.5	105.4	17.7	0.14	<0.0001
Sodium (mmol/L)	139.1	3.2	139.4	3.2	139.2	3.2	−0.11	0.0135
AF (history or present)	370	(24.4)	210	(28.7)	580	(25.8)	−0.10	0.0283
COPD	174	(11.5)	76	(10.4)	250	(11.1)	0.03	0.4453
Diabetes	458	(30.2)	223	(30.5)	681	(30.3)	−0.01	0.8866
Leading cardiac disease							−0.25	<0.0001
Ischaemic cardiomyopathy	1045	(68.9)	416	(56.9)	1461	(65.0)
Dilated cardiomyopathy	471	(31.1)	315	(43.1)	786	(35.0)
Malignant disease	70	(4.6)	29	(4.0)	99	(4.4)	0.03	0.4817
NYHA functional class							0.12	0.0067
Class I or II	947	(62.5)	413	(56.5)	1360	(60.5)
Class III or IV	569	(37.5)	318	(43.5)	887	(39.5)
Stroke or TIA	162	(10.7)	61	(8.3)	223	(9.9)	0.08	0.0820
Tobacco use	976	(64.4)	343	(46.9)	1319	(58.7)	0.36	<0.0001
Amiodarone	115	(7.6)	111	(15.2)	226	(10.1)	−0.24	<0.0001
Digitalis glycosides	100	(6.6)	60	(8.2)	160	(7.1)	−0.06	0.1640
ACE or AT1 antagonist	1414	(93.3)	635	(86.9)	2049	(91.2)	0.22	<0.0001
Beta-blocker	1436	(94.7)	683	(93.4)	2119	(94.3)	0.05	0.2167
Loop diuretic	1068	(70.4)	555	(75.9)	1623	(72.2)	−0.12	0.0066
MRA	1183	(78.0)	506	(69.2)	1689	(75.2)	0.20	<0.0001

Percentages in parentheses. Loop diuretics prescribed were furosemide, torasemide, bumetanide, or piretanide.

ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; AF, atrial fibrillation; AT, angiotensin; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association.

Table 2

Multivariate Cox regression analysis for mortality (final model after variable selection using P < 0.10)

Parameters	Stratified by region
	HR	95% CI		P-value
Age (per 10 years)	1.411	1.255	1.583	<0.0001
LVEF (per 5%)	0.762	0.688	0.841	<0.0001
QTc (per 40 ms)	1.322	1.173	1.431	<0.0001
COPD (yes vs. no)	2.191	1.691	2.837	<0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)	0.954	0.929	0.979	0.0004
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	0.887	0.827	0.951	0.0008
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.224	1.080	1.386	0.0015
NYHA (III vs. I–II)	1.454	1.153	1.833	0.0016
Sex (male vs. female)	1.580	1.152	2.166	0.0045
Diabetes (yes vs. no)	1.265	0.999	1.600	0.0506

BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association.

Table 3

Comparison of Cox regression model and propensity score-based models to analyse the difference between treatment groups on survival

Models	n	Events	HR (ICD vs. control	95% CI		P-value
Unadjusted strata by region	2247	342	0.682	0.537	0.865	0.0016
Adjusted by mortality predictors (primary analysis)	2154	326	0.731	0.569	0.938	0.0140
Propensity score as covariate	2134	323	0.685	0.524	0.895	0.0056
Strata by propensity score quintiles	2134	323	0.691	0.532	0.897	0.0055
Propensity score matching (2:1)	1460	233	0.725	0.556	0.945	0.0175

Depending on the method used for adjustment of the hazard ratio for ICD vs. control, only small variations between 0.682 and 0.731 in terms of the HR were found (primary analysis: regression model adjusted by mortality predictors; sensitivity analyses: approaches based on propensity scores).

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

Table 4

Multivariate Fine and Gray competing risk regression model for first appropriate shock (final model after variable selection using P < 0.10)

Parameters	Stratified by region
	HR	95% CI		P-value
Digitalis (yes vs. no)	2.825	1.658	4.815	0.0001
Sex (male vs. female)	2.419	1.223	4.786	0.0111
COPD (yes vs. no)	1.781	1.084	2.925	0.0227
QTc (per 40 ms)	1.221	1.041	1.489	0.0264
BMI (per kg/m2)	1.031	1.000	1.063	0.0512
Systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg)	1.116	0.990	1.255	0.0674

Out of 1494 included patients, 106 patients experienced at least one appropriate shock, 231 patients experienced competing events, and 1157 patients where censored.

BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.