Daniel E Gustavson1,2, Jeremy A Elman2, Mark Sanderson-Cimino2, Carol E Franz2, Matthew S Panizzon2, Amy J Jak2,3, Chandra A Reynolds4, Michael C Neale5, Michael J Lyons6, William S Kremen2,3. 1. Division of Genetic Medicine Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee. 2. Department of Psychiatry Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging University of California San Diego La Jolla California. 3. Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System La Jolla California. 4. Department of Psychology University of California Riverside California. 5. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia. 6. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University Boston Massachusetts.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Predicting risk for Alzheimer's disease when most people are likely still biomarker negative would aid earlier identification. We hypothesized that combining multiple memory tests and scores in middle-aged adults would provide useful, and non-invasive, prediction of 6-year progression to MCI. METHODS: We examined 849 men who were cognitively normal at baseline (mean age ± SD = 55.69 ± 2.45). RESULTS: California Verbal Learning Test learning trials was the best individual predictor of amnestic MCI (OR = 4.75). A latent factor incorporating seven measures across three memory tests provided much stronger prediction (OR = 9.88). This compared favorably with biomarker-based prediction in a study of much older adults. DISCUSSION: Neuropsychological tests are sensitive and early indicators of MCI risk at an age when few individuals are likely to have yet become biomarker positive. The single best measures may appear time- and cost-effective, but 30 additional minutes of testing and use of multiple scores within tests provide substantially improved prediction.
INTRODUCTION: Predicting risk for Alzheimer's disease when most people are likely still biomarker negative would aid earlier identification. We hypothesized that combining multiple memory tests and scores in middle-aged adults would provide useful, and non-invasive, prediction of 6-year progression to MCI. METHODS: We examined 849 men who were cognitively normal at baseline (mean age ± SD = 55.69 ± 2.45). RESULTS: California Verbal Learning Test learning trials was the best individual predictor of amnestic MCI (OR = 4.75). A latent factor incorporating seven measures across three memory tests provided much stronger prediction (OR = 9.88). This compared favorably with biomarker-based prediction in a study of much older adults. DISCUSSION: Neuropsychological tests are sensitive and early indicators of MCI risk at an age when few individuals are likely to have yet become biomarker positive. The single best measures may appear time- and cost-effective, but 30 additional minutes of testing and use of multiple scores within tests provide substantially improved prediction.
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