Zhe Cao1, Jing Wang2, Na Qin3, Kun Li4, Jialin Lv3, Jinghui Wang3, Xinjie Yang3, Xi Li3, Hui Zhang3, Quan Zhang3, Hongqing Long1, Chengrong Shu1, Li Ma3, Shucai Zhang3. 1. Department of Cancer and Nuclear Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Science and Technology/Cancer Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China. 2. Department of Medical Cosmetology, Xiamen Hospital of T.C.M, Xiamen 361001, China. 3. Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University/ Department of Oncology, Beijing Institute of Tuberculosis and Thoracic Oncology, Beijing 101149, China. 4. Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University/ Department of Pathology, Beijing Institute of Tuberculosis and Thoracic Oncology, Beijing 101149, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma should select targeted drugs based on the type of tumor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation. However, it is difficult to collect tumor tissue of advanced lung adenocarcinoma, and some experts agree that peripheral blood can be used as a substitute for tumor tissue as a test specimen. This paper aimed to investigate the clinical value of ddPCR and super-amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) in detecting EGFR gene mutation in peripheral blood of patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS: A total of 119 patients diagnosed in Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from February 2016 to February 2019 were collected, and the sensitivity and specificity of plasma ctDNA EGFR gene mutation detected by ddPCR and super-arms were compared. Some patients with positive EGFR gene mutations received oral treatment with first-line EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI). The patients were divided into subgroups according to the test results. In group 1, both ddPCR and super-arms showed positive EGFR gene mutation results, with 21 cases. In group 2, ddPCR and super-arms detection of EGFR gene mutation were all negative, with 16 cases. In group 3, the ddPCR test was positive and the super-arms test was negative, with 5 cases. In group 4, the ddPCR test result was negative while the super-arms test result was positive. Since the number of patients in group 4 was 0, no statistics were included. Objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were used to evaluate the short-term outcome, and progression-free survival (PFS) was compared with survival analysis to evaluate the long-term outcome. RESULTS: EGFR mutations were detected in 58 (48.7%) of 119 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. The coincidence rate between ddPCR and EGFR gene mutation in tumor tissues was 82.4% (Kappa=0.647, P<0.001), the sensitivity was 74.1%, and the specificity was 90.2%. However, the coincidence degree of super-arms test and tissue test was 71.4%, the sensitivity was only 58.6%, and the specificity was 83.6%. The ORR and DCR values in group 3 were lower than those in group 1 and 2, but there was no significant difference in ORR between groups (P>0.05). Survival analysis showed that the PFS of the three groups was compared. The difference was not statistically significant (χ²=2.221, P=0.329). CONCLUSIONS: ddPCR, as a high sensitivity and specificity liquid gene detection method, can be used as a reliable method to detect the mutation of plasma ctDNA EGFR gene in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. The results of plasma genetic testing can also be used as the basis for predicting the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs in patients.
BACKGROUND: The patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma should select targeted drugs based on the type of tumorepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation. However, it is difficult to collect tumor tissue of advanced lung adenocarcinoma, and some experts agree that peripheral blood can be used as a substitute for tumor tissue as a test specimen. This paper aimed to investigate the clinical value of ddPCR and super-amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) in detecting EGFR gene mutation in peripheral blood of patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS: A total of 119 patients diagnosed in Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from February 2016 to February 2019 were collected, and the sensitivity and specificity of plasma ctDNA EGFR gene mutation detected by ddPCR and super-arms were compared. Some patients with positive EGFR gene mutations received oral treatment with first-line EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI). The patients were divided into subgroups according to the test results. In group 1, both ddPCR and super-arms showed positive EGFR gene mutation results, with 21 cases. In group 2, ddPCR and super-arms detection of EGFR gene mutation were all negative, with 16 cases. In group 3, the ddPCR test was positive and the super-arms test was negative, with 5 cases. In group 4, the ddPCR test result was negative while the super-arms test result was positive. Since the number of patients in group 4 was 0, no statistics were included. Objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were used to evaluate the short-term outcome, and progression-free survival (PFS) was compared with survival analysis to evaluate the long-term outcome. RESULTS:EGFR mutations were detected in 58 (48.7%) of 119 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. The coincidence rate between ddPCR and EGFR gene mutation in tumor tissues was 82.4% (Kappa=0.647, P<0.001), the sensitivity was 74.1%, and the specificity was 90.2%. However, the coincidence degree of super-arms test and tissue test was 71.4%, the sensitivity was only 58.6%, and the specificity was 83.6%. The ORR and DCR values in group 3 were lower than those in group 1 and 2, but there was no significant difference in ORR between groups (P>0.05). Survival analysis showed that the PFS of the three groups was compared. The difference was not statistically significant (χ²=2.221, P=0.329). CONCLUSIONS: ddPCR, as a high sensitivity and specificity liquid gene detection method, can be used as a reliable method to detect the mutation of plasma ctDNA EGFR gene in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. The results of plasma genetic testing can also be used as the basis for predicting the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs in patients.
ddPCR技术检测到EGFR基因突变49例(41.2%),与肿瘤组织EGFR基因突变结果的符合率为82.4%(Kappa=0.647, P < 0.001),灵敏度为74.1%,特异度为90.2%。而应用Super-ARMS技术检测到血浆ctDNA中EGFR基因突变44例(37.0%)。以组织检测结果作为金标准,血液Super-ARMS检测灵敏度为58.6%,特异度为83.6%,与组织检测的符合度为71.4%(Kappa=0.425, P < 0.001)(表 1)。
1
肺腺癌患者肿瘤组织及血浆检测中EGFR基因突变结果比较
Comparison of EGFR gene mutations in tumor tissues and plasma of lung adenocarcinoma patients
肺腺癌患者肿瘤组织及血浆检测中EGFR基因突变结果比较Comparison of EGFR gene mutations in tumor tissues and plasma of lung adenocarcinomapatients血浆标本中使用ddPCR及Super-ARMS方法检测EGFR突变,阳性结果中同时检出19-Del突变共14例,但其中2例组织检测结果为野生型; ddPCR检出而Super-ARMS技术未检出共10例,此10例组织检测19-Del突变均为阳性; ddPCR未检出而Super-ARMS技术检出共2例,此2例组织检测结果均为阴性; 两种方法检测19-del均为阴性共44例,其中4例组织检测19-del突变阳性。以组织检测结果为金标准,ddPCR结果与组织的符合率达91.4%,Super-ARMS结果与组织符合率为74.3%(表 2)。
2
Super-ARMS和ddPCR检测血浆ctDNA中EGFR突变基因19-Del结果比较
Comparison of EGFR mutant gene 19-del in plasma ctDNA detected by Super-ARMS and ddPCR
19-Del
SUPER-ARMS
Total
+
-
ddPCR
+
14
10
24
-
2
44
46
Total
16
54
70
Super-ARMS和ddPCR检测血浆ctDNA中EGFR突变基因19-Del结果比较Comparison of EGFR mutant gene 19-del in plasma ctDNA detected by Super-ARMS and ddPCR血浆标本中使用两种方法阳性结果中同时检出L858R突变共16例,但其中3例组织检测结果为野生型; ddPCR检出而Super-ARMS技术未检出共6例,此6例组织检测L858R突变5例阳性,1例野生型; ddPCR未检出而ARMS技术检出共10例,此10例组织检测结果6例阳性,4例阴性; 两种方法检测L858R均为阴性共38例,其中3例组织检测L858R突变阳性。以组织检测结果为金标准,ddPCR结果与组织的符合率达81.4%,Super-ARMS结果与组织符合率为78.5%(表 3)。
3
Super-ARMS和ddPCR检测血浆ctDNA中EGFR突变基因L858R结果比较
Comparison of EGFR mutated gene L858R in plasma ctDNA detected by super-ARMS and ddPCR
L858R
Super-ARMS
Total
+
-
ddPCR
+
16
6
22
-
10
38
48
Total
26
44
70
Super-ARMS和ddPCR检测血浆ctDNA中EGFR突变基因L858R结果比较Comparison of EGFR mutated gene L858R in plasma ctDNA detected by super-ARMS and ddPCR
Kaplan-Meier analysis of progression-free survival in patients treated with first-generation EGFR-TKI drugs. Group 1 was the patient with positive results of ddPCR and super-arms testing for EGFR gene mutation; group 2 was the patient with negative results of ddPCR and super-arms testing for EGFR gene mutation; group 3 was the patient with positive results of ddPCR testing and negative results of super-arms testing. EGFR-TKIs: epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor
分组疗效对比Efficacy comparison of the three groupsKaplan-Meier法分析接受一代EGFR-TKI药物治疗的患者无进展生存期。组1为ddPCR及Super-ARMS检测EGFR基因突变结果均为阳性。组2为ddPCR及SUPER-ARMS检测EGFR基因突变结果均为阴性。组3为ddPCR检测结果为阳性而SUPER-ARMS检测结果为阴性Kaplan-Meier analysis of progression-free survival in patients treated with first-generation EGFR-TKI drugs. Group 1 was the patient with positive results of ddPCR and super-arms testing for EGFR gene mutation; group 2 was the patient with negative results of ddPCR and super-arms testing for EGFR gene mutation; group 3 was the patient with positive results of ddPCR testing and negative results of super-arms testing. EGFR-TKIs: epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor此外,有2例组织突变阴性但血浆突变阳性者分别接受了吉非替尼和埃克替尼治疗后,PFS分别为16.3个月及24个月。
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