MicroRNA-873 serves a critical role in human cervical cancer proliferation and metastasis via regulating glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1.

Cervical cancer is a common gynecological malignancy with high morbidity worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve critical roles in cervical cancer progression. Accumulating evidence indicates that miR-873 functions as a tumor suppressor in certain types of cancer. However, the function and mechanism of miR-873 in the progression of cervical cancer have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, the role and mechanism of miR-873 in the proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells were investigated. miR-873 expression was markedly decreased in cervical cancer, while glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) was found to be a direct target of miR-873 by conducting dual-luciferase reporter assays. Furthermore, miR-873 overexpression reduced the expression of GLI1, and decreased the proliferation, metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells. In rescue experiments, overexpression of GLI1 in cervical cancer cells effectively reversed the inhibitory effect induced by miR-873 mimics. Therefore, the results of the present study suggested that miR-873 functions as a tumor suppressor miRNA, and future studies should address its potential application in the treatment of cervical cancer. Copyright: © Feng et al.

Introduction

Cervical cancer is one of most common types of malignancies in females worldwide (1). In 2012, a total of 527,600 women developed cervical cancer globally, and 265,700 patients succumbed to the disease (2). At present, the standard treatment strategy for cervical cancer involves surgical resection, followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy (3); however, the prognosis of cervical cancer remains poor (3). Therefore, improving the understanding on the molecular interactions occurring during the initiation and progression of cervical cancer may be useful in identifying therapeutic targets and providing new prognostic treatments.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that downregulate the translation of target protein-coding mRNAs at the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) (4). Accumulating evidence indicated that miRNAs enhance cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis in solid tumors and leukemia (5–8). Previous studies have also revealed that abnormal expression of miR-873 occurs in various types of cancer, such as breast, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer, and glioma (9–17). Notably, miR-873 is crucial for paclitaxel and cisplatin sensitivity in ovarian cancer and cisplatin sensitivity in glioma (18,19). However, the expression and function of miR-873 in cervical cancer are not fully understood.

In the present study, it was first illustrated that the expression level of miR-873 was significantly decreased in the cervical tumor tissues and cancer cell lines, and that overexpression of this miRNA inhibited the tumor growth and metastasis. Furthermore, the expression levels of a miR-873 downstream target gene, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1), were analyzed in cervical cancer tissues. Finally, it was demonstrated that GLI1 is a target gene of miR-873 and is involved in the function of miR-873 in cervical cancer.

Materials and methods

Tissue collection

Cervical cancer tissues and paired adjacent noncancerous tissues were collected from 20 patients (mean age, 52.23±15.13 years; age range, 41–69 years; stage I, 4 patients; stage II, 11 patients; stage III, 5 patients) who underwent surgical resection for cervical cancer at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Weifang Maternity and Child Care Hospital (Weifang, China) between December 2015 and December 2016. Patients were excluded from the study if they had received any prior treatment. The acquisition of the samples was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Weifang Maternity and Child Care Hospital. Informed written consent was obtained from all the patients and/or guardians prior to the use of the resected specimens.

Cell culture

Human cervical cancer cell lines (C33A, HeLa and SiHa) and an immortal normal cervical cell line Ect1/E6E7 were purchased from American Type Culture Collection. The cell lines were authenticated by short-tandem repeat profiling performed by BMR Genomics. All cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; both from Hyclone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences) in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C.

Transfection of cells with miR-873 mimics or GLI1 overexpression vector

The miR-873 mimics, miR-negative control (NC), miR-873 inhibitors and inhibitor-NC were synthesized by RiboBio Co., Ltd. HeLa cells were transfected with miR-873 mimics to induce miR-873 overexpression, while SiHa were transfected with miR-873 inhibitors to downregulate the expression of miR-873. For GLI1 overexpression, GLI1 was inserted into the pcDNA3.1 vector (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), which was then transfected into the cells. The cells transfected with pcDNA3.1 vector served as a negative control. Transfection was conducted using the Lipofectamine® 2000 reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was carried out to analyze the transfection efficiency after 48 h. Western blot analysis was carried out 72 h after transfection.

Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay

CCK-8 assay (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) was conducted to analyze the proliferation of HeLa and SiHa cells. Briefly, HeLa and SiHa cells were grown in 96-well plates (1×103 cells/well) for 0, 24, 48 or 72 h. At the indicated time, 10 µl CCK-8 solution was added to each well. After incubation for 3 h at room temperature, the absorbance of each well at 450 nm was analyzed by a microplate spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices, LLC, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).

Transwell assays

The cell migration and invasion abilities were detected using 24-well Transwell chambers (EMD Millipore). In brief, HeLa and SiHa (1×105/well) cells were seeded in the upper chamber of the Transwell chambers, and DMEM containing 10% FBS was added to the lower chamber as a chemoattractant. For the invasion assays, the upper chamber was precoated with 30 µl Matrigel (BD Biosciences), whereas chambers without Matrigel were used for the migration assay. After incubation for 12 h (migration) or 24 h (invasion), the cells adhering to the upper membrane were removed with cotton wool. Subsequently, cells that had migrated or invaded to the lower chambers were fixed with methanol, stained with 0.1% crystal violet at room temperature for 15 min and then counted under a light microscope.

Dual-luciferase reporter assay

To perform the dual-luciferase reporter assay, wild-type and mutant 3′-UTR (GLI1-3′-UTR-WT and GLI1-3′-UTR-MUT, respectively) with a binding sequence for miR-873 were designed. HeLa cells (2×104) were co-transfected with WT GLI1-3′-UTR or MUT GLI1-3′-UTR and miR-873 mimics or miR-NC using Lipofectamine® 2000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. SiHa cells (2×104) were co-transfected with WT GLI1-3′-UTR or MUT GLI1-3′-UTR and miR-873 inhibitors or inhibitor-NC using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent according to the manufacturer's protocol. 24 h later, the luciferase reporter activity was evaluated using a Dual-Luciferase Reporter assay system (Promega Corporation).

Colony formation assay

For clone formation experiments, HeLa and SiHa (400 cells/well) were plated into 6-well plates and then cultured for 10 days in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. The cell clusters were fixed in methanol at room temperature for 2 h and then stained with 0.1% crystal violet. Colonies containing at least 50 cells were scored.

RT-qPCR

Total RNA was extracted from the cervical issues and cell lines using TRIzol reagent, according to the manufacturer's protocol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The concentration and purity of the RNA samples were determined by the OD260/OD280 ratio using a microplate reader (Model 3550; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). qPCR was performed on an ABI 7500 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). To determine the levels of miR-873, RT was performed using the miScript Reverse Transcription kit (Qiagen China Co., Ltd.) according to the manufacturer's protocol, followed by qPCR using SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.). The qPCR was performed with the following thermocycling conditions: Initial denaturation for 5 min at 95°C; 40 cycles of 95°C for 30 sec and 65°C for 45 sec. To determine mRNA expression, cDNA was synthesized from total RNA using a PrimeScript™ RT reagent kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) according to the manufacturer's protocol at 37°C for 15 min and 85°C for 5 sec. Then primers and SYBR® Premix Ex Taq II (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) were used to detect the expression of alkaline GLI1, N-Cadherin, E-Cadherin, Vimentin in an ABI 7500 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The following thermocycling conditions were used: 95°C for 10 min; 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 1 min. The primers used in this analysis were as follows: miR-873, 5′-CTGCACTCCCCCACCTG-3′ (forward) and 5′-GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3′ (reverse); U6, 5′-TGCGGGTGCTCGCTTCGCAGC-3′ (forward) and 5′-CCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3′ (reverse); GLI1, 5′-TACTCACGCCTCGAAAACCT-3′ (forward) and 5′-AGGACCATGCACTGTCTTGA-3′ (reverse); N-Cadherin, 5′-TTTGGGGAGGGGTAAAAGTTC-3′ (forward) and 5′-AAGAAACAGGCCACCCCGTTT-3′ (reverse); E-Cadherin, 5′-TGCTGTTTCTGGTTTCTGTTGG-3′ (forward) and 5′-CCTTCTCCGTATTTCTCCTCCCT-3′ (reverse); Vimentin, 5′-CGGTTGAGACCAGAGATGGA-3′ (forward) and 5′-TGCTGGTACTGCACTGTTGGT-3′ (reverse); GAPDH, 5′-CTCTGATTTGGTCGTATTGGG-3′ (forward) and 5′-TGGAAGATGGTGATGGGATT-3′ (reverse). U6 snRNA and GAPDH were used as endogenous controls for the detection of miR-873 and GLI1 expression, respectively. The expression levels were measured with the relative quantification (2−ΔΔCq) method (20).

Western blot analysis

Total protein was extracted from the tissues and cells using RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The concentration of total protein was analyzed with bicinchoninic acid protein assay (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Protein samples (30 µg) were then separated on 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Following blocking with 5% non-fat milk for 1 h at room temperature, the membranes were probed with GLI1 (cat. no. ab49314; 1:500; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), N-Cadherin (cat. no. ab18203; 1:500; Abcam), E-Cadherin (cat. no. ab15148; 1:500; Abcam), Vimentin (cat. no. ab137321; 1:500; Abcam) and GAPDH (cat. no. AF1186; 1:600; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. Subsequently, the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (1:1,000; cat. no. ab150077; Abcam) for 2 h at room temperature, and signals were then analyzed using an enhanced chemiluminescence kit (both from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology).

Bioinformatics prediction

To investigate the possible target genes of miR-873, the online prediction system, TargetScan 7.1 software (http://www.targetscan.org), was used.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software, version 13.0 (SPSS, Inc.). Comparisons between two groups were assessed using Student's t-test. Comparisons of more than two groups were performed by analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between miR-873 expression and the mRNA expression of GLI1. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Expression levels of miR-873 and GLI1 in cervical cancer and cell lines

To determine whether there was a potential correlation of miR-873 and GLI1 in cervical cancer, the expression levels of miR-873 and GLI1 in cervical cancer and normal cervical tissue samples were detected. The results of RT-qPCR illustrated that miR-873 expression in cervical cancer tissues was significantly lower compared with that in the paired adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 1A); however, GLI1 expression in cervical cancer tissues was markedly enhanced (Fig. 1B). In addition, significantly enhanced miR-873 expression levels were detected in the cervical cancer cells C33A, HeLa and SiHa as compared with those in the immortal normal cervical cell line Ect1/E6E7 (Fig. 1C). Furthermore, the protein and mRNA expression levels of GLI1 in cervical cancer cells were examined. The western blot results revealed that the protein expression of GLI1 was also markedly increased in cervical cancer cell lines (Fig. 1D), while GLI1 mRNA expression was markedly enhanced in cervical cancer cells compared with that in Ect1/E6E7 cells (Fig. 1E). Finally, the results of Pearson's correlation analysis indicated a negative correlation between miR-873 expression and the mRNA expression of GLI1 (Fig. 1F).

Figure 1.

miR-873 is downregulated and GLI1 is upregulated in cervical cancer tissues. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of (A) miR-873 and (B) GLI1 mRNA in 20 pairs of human cervical cancer tissues and normal tissues. (C) miR-873 expression in three cervical cancer cell lines (SiHa, C33A and HeLa) and the normal cervical cell line Ect1/E6E7, detected using RT-qPCR. (D) Protein and (E) mRNA expression of GLI1 in cervical cancer cell lines (SiHa, C33A and HeLa) and the immortal normal cervical cell line Ect1/E6E7, detected using western blot and RT-qPCR assay, respectively. (F) Pearson's correlation assay analyzed the correlation of the expression of GLI1 mRNA and miR-873 in cervical cancer tissues. *P<0.05. miR, microRNA; GLI1, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

miR-873 inhibits the proliferation of cervical cancer cells

The highest expression levels of miR-873 were detected in the SiHa cells, while the lowest expression levels of miR-873 in cervical cancer cells were detected in the HeLa cells. To investigate the effect of miR-873 in cervical cancer, miR-873 overexpression and downregulation assays were conducted in SiHa and HeLa cells by transfecting the cells with miR-873 inhibitors or mimics, respectively. The RT-qPCR results confirmed that overexpression or knockdown of miR-873 was successfully obtained following transfection (Fig. 2A). Next, CCK-8 (Fig. 2B) and colony formation (Fig. 2C) assays were conducted to determine the functions of miR-873 in cervical cancer cell proliferation. The results revealed that the proliferation of HeLa cells transfected with miR-873 mimics was significantly reduced compared with that in the miR-NC group (Fig. 2B and C), while the inhibition of miR-873 in SiHa cells led to a significantly enhanced proliferation ability (Fig. 2D and E). These results indicated that miR-873 inhibited the growth of cervical cancer cells.

Figure 2.

miR-873 inhibited the proliferation of cervical cancer cells. (A) miR-873 expression in HeLa cells transfected with miR-873 mimics or miR-NC, and SiHa transfected with miR-873 inhibitors or inhibitor-NC was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (B) CCK-8 and (C) colony formation assays, analyzing the proliferation of HeLa cells. (D) CCK-8 and (E) colony formation assays, detecting the proliferation of SiHa cells. *P<0.05. miR, microRNA; NC, negative control; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; OD, optical density.

miR-873 inhibits cervical cancer cell metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression

Transwell assays were performed to investigate the effects of miR-873 in cervical cancer cell metastasis. The findings indicated that miR-873 overexpression significantly inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of HeLa cells (Fig. 3A). However, there was a significant enhancement in the migration and invasion of SiHa cells transfected with miR-873 inhibitor compared with the inhibitor-NC group (Fig. 3B).

Figure 3.

miR-873 suppressed the migration and invasion abilities, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression of cervical cancer cells. The migration and invasion abilities of (A) HeLa and (B) SiHa cells were analyzed by transwell assays. (magnification, ×100). (C) Western blot analysis detected the protein expression levels of E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin and Vimentin in HeLa and SiHa cells. (D) qPCR was used to analyze the mRNA expression of E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin and Vimentin in HeLa and SiHa cells. *P<0.05. miR, microRNA; NC, negative control.

EMT is known to serve a critical role in the migration and invasion of cervical cancer (21). Therefore, the present study further analyzed the expression alterations of EMT markers, including E-Cadherin, Vimentin and N-Cadherin, to assess the effect of miR-873 on the EMT of SiHa and HeLa cells. The results revealed that E-Cadherin expression levels were significantly enhanced, while the levels of N-Cadherin and Vimentin were markedly reduced in HeLa cells overexpressing miR-873 (Fig. 3C and D). By contrast, the expression levels of N-Cadherin and Vimentin were markedly increased in SiHa cells with miR-873 downregulation compared with the corresponding control group, while E-Cadherin level was significantly decreased in these cells (Fig. 3C and D). These data indicated that miR-873 was able to reduce the cervical cancer cell metastasis and inhibit EMT progression.

GLI1 is a direct target gene of miR-873

The data from TargetScan database demonstrated that GLI1 had complementary binding sites for miR-873 (Fig. 4A). A dual-luciferase reporter assay was then performed to detect the potential regulation of GLI1 by miR-873. The results of this assay revealed that miR-873 overexpression in HeLa cells significantly decreased the luciferase activity of GLI1-3′-UTR-WT, while it had no evident effects on the activity of GLI1-3′-UTR-Mut (Fig. 4B). By contrast, miR-873 inhibition in SiHa cells markedly enhanced the luciferase activity of GLI1-3′-UTR-WT, without any evident effects on GLI1-3′-UTR-Mut activity (Fig. 4C). Furthermore, the current study examined whether miR-873 regulated the GLI1 expression levels in cervical cancer cells. The results of RT-qPCR indicated that miR-873 overexpression significantly reduced GLI1 expression in HeLa cells, both at the mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 4D and E), whereas inhibition of miR-873 significantly elevated GLI1 expression in SiHa cells (Fig. 4D and E).

Figure 4.

GLI1 is a direct target gene of miR-873. (A) The 3′-UTR of GLI1 mRNA includes a highly conserved binding site for miR-873. (B) HeLa cells were co-transfected with miR-873 mimics or miR-NC and with WT or MUT GLI1 3′-UTR, and the luciferase activity was detected after 24 h. (C) SiHa cells were co-transfected with miR-873 inhibitors or inhibitor-NC and with WT and MUT GLI1 3′-UTR, and then the luciferase activity was detected after 24 h. (D) Relative GLI1 mRNA expression was analyzed in HeLa and SiHa cells by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, with GAPDH serving as the internal control. (E) GLI1 protein expression was detected in HeLa and SiHa cells by western blot assay, with GAPDH serving as the internal control. *P<0.05. GLI1, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1; miR, microRNA; 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region; NC, negative control; WT, wild-type; MUT, mutant.

GLI1 overexpression reverses the miR-873-induced suppression of cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT progression

To further demonstrate whether GLI1 was a functional target gene of miR-873, HeLa cells were co-transfected with miR-873 mimic and with GLI1 plasmid or empty control plasmid. The results of western blot assay revealed that GLI1 expression was markedly overexpressed in HeLa cells transfected with miR-873 mimic + GLI1 plasmid as compared with the miR-873 mimic + control plasmid group (Fig. 5A). Furthermore, the results of CCK-8 (Fig. 5B) and colony formation assays (Fig. 5C) illustrated that the proliferation of HeLa cells transfected with miR-873 mimic + GLI1 plasmid was significantly reversed compared with that in the miR-873 mimic + control plasmid group. Furthermore, the transwell assay demonstrated that the metastasis of the HeLa cells transfected with miR-873 mimic + GLI1 plasmid was significantly increased compared with the miR-873 mimic + control group (Fig. 5D). In addition, the western blot assay (Fig. 5E) and RT-qPCR (Fig. 5F) results indicated that the miR-873 overexpression-induced enhancement in E-Cadherin expression levels were significantly decreased by GLI1 overexpression, while the miR-873-induced downregulation in N-Cadherin and Vimentin were markedly enhanced in HeLa cells with GLI1 overexpression. These data confirmed that GLI1 is a functional target gene of miR-873.

Figure 5.

GLI1 overexpression reversed the miR-873-induced suppression of cellular proliferation, migration and invasion. (A) HeLa cells were co-transfected with miR-873 mimics and with GLI1 plasmid or empty plasmid, and the protein expression of GLI1 was analyzed by western blot analysis. (B) Cell Counting Kit-8 and (C) colony formation assays were performed to detect the cell proliferation. (D) The cell migration and invasion abilities were analyzed by transwell assays (magnification, ×100). (E) Protein and (F) mRNA expression levels of E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin and Vimentin in HeLa cells, detected by western blot assay and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. *P<0.05. miR, microRNA; GLI1, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1.

Discussion

In the present study, it was demonstrated that miR-873 levels were significantly decreased in cervical cancer samples and cell lines, and the biological function of miR-873 in cervical cancer was then evaluated in terms of its ability to decrease cell viability, proliferation and metastasis. The data suggested that miR-873 functions as a tumor suppressor in the progression of cervical cancer.

Previous studies have indicated that miRNAs may serve as oncogenes or tumor suppressors by adjusting their downstream target genes (22). The expression of miR-873 is downregulated and suppresses the stemness of breast cancer cells in vitro via the PD-L1/PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways (9). Li et al (10) further demonstrated that miR-873 reverses the EMT in colon cancer by negatively regulating the expression of ZEB1. This miRNA has also been reported to be downregulated in glioma tissues and to enhance chemoresistance to cisplatin by targeting Bcl-2 (19). However, another study revealed that miR-873 expression is upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma, and that this miRNA increases the proliferation and metastasis of these cells by regulating the tumor suppressor gene SRCIN1 (15). These contradicting results on the role of miR-873 in cancer development reflect its diverse roles in different types of cancer by adjusting various downstream target genes. Therefore, determining the effect and mechanism of miR-873 in cervical cancer progression is of critical importance.

Several researchers have established that miR-873 represses cell proliferation by regulating GLI1 (11,14,23). Thus, in the present study, it was hypothesized that miR-873 and GLI1 expression may be associated in cervical cancer. GLI1 is the transcription factor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway (24) and the downstream target gene of miR-873. Accumulating evidence indicated that GLI1 is upregulated and serves as an oncogene in several types of cancer, including breast cancer, glioma, pancreatic cancer and cervical cancer (25,26). In the current study, dual-luciferase, RT-qPCR and western blot assays revealed that GLI1 is a target gene of miR-873 in cervical cancer. Furthermore, the negative correlation between miR-873 and GLI1 in cervical cancer tissues was illustrated. It was observed that GLI1 overexpression was able to rescue the inhibitory effect of the miR-873 mimic in cervical cancer cells. These data indicated that GLI1 is the molecular and functional target gene of miR-873 in cervical cancer.

In conclusion, the present study illustrated that the miR-873 expression is downregulated in cervical cancer, while overexpression of miR-873 inhibited cervical cancer cell proliferation and metastasis via targeting GLI1. These results suggest that miR-873 may function as a tumor suppressor and provide insights that may be of use in the treatment of cervical cancer.