| Literature DB >> 31736508 |
Tamara Margit Jutta Pahlitzsch1, Laura Hanne1, Wolfgang Henrich1, Alexander Weichert1.
Abstract
Introduction Foetal macrosomia is associated with various obstetrical complications and is a common reason for inductions and primary or secondary Caesarean sections. The objective of this study is the generation of descriptive data on the mode of delivery and on maternal and foetal complications in the case of foetal macrosomia. The causes and consequences of foetal macrosomia as well as the rate of shoulder dystocia are examined in relation to the severity of the macrosomia. Patients The study investigated all singleton births ≥ 37 + 0 weeks of pregnancy with a birth weight ≥ 4000 g at the Charité University Medicine Berlin (Campus Mitte 2001 - 2017, Campus Virchow Klinikum 2014 - 2017). Results 2277 consecutive newborns (birth weight 4000 - 4499 g [88%], 4500 - 4999 g [11%], ≥ 5000 g [1%]) were included. Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes were more common in the case of newborns weighing ≥ 4500 g than newborns weighing 4000 - 4499 g (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001). Women with newborns ≥ 5000 g were more often ≥ 40 years of age (p = 0.020) and multipara (p = 0.025). The mode of delivery was spontaneous in 60% of cases, vaginal-surgical in 9%, per primary section in 14% and per secondary section in 17%. With a birth weight ≥ 4500 g, a vaginal delivery was more rare (p < 0.001) and the rate of secondary sections was increased (p = 0.011). Women with newborns ≥ 4500 g suffered increased blood loss more frequently (p = 0.029). There was no significant difference with regard to the rate of episiotomies or serious birth injuries. Shoulder dystocia occurred more frequently at a birth weight of ≥ 4500 g (5 vs. 0.9%, p = 0.000). Perinatal acidosis occurred in 2% of newborns without significant differences between the groups. Newborns ≥ 4500 g were transferred to neonatology more frequently (p < 0.001). Conclusion An increased birth weight is associated with an increased maternal risk and an increased rate of primary and secondary sections as well as shoulder dystocia; no differences in the perinatal outcome between newborns with a birth weight of 4000 - 4499 g and ≥ 4500 g were seen. In our collective, a comparably low incidence of shoulder dystocia was seen. In the literature, the frequency is indicated with a large range (1.9 - 10% at 4000 - 4499 g, 2.5 - 20% at 4500 - 5000 g and 10 - 20% at ≥ 5000 g). One possible cause for the low rate could be the equally low prevalence of gestational diabetes in our collective. A risk stratification of the pregnant women (e.g. avoidance of vacuum extraction, taking gestational diabetes into account during delivery planning) is crucial. If macrosomia is presumed, it is recommended that delivery take place at a perinatal centre in the presence of a specialist physician, due to the increased incidence of foetal and maternal complications.Entities:
Keywords: foetal macrosomia; gestational diabetes; shoulder dystocia
Year: 2019 PMID: 31736508 PMCID: PMC6846738 DOI: 10.1055/a-0880-6182
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study cohorts, divided according to birth weight.
| Variable | 4 000 – 4 499 g | 4 500 – 4 999 g | ≥ 5 000 g | all | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 005 (88%) | 249 (11%) | 23 (1%) | 2277 | ||
|
(*
n
): Number of missing data for the variable
| |||||
| Age ≥ 40 years | 138 (7%) | 18 (7%) | 5 (22%) | 161 (7%) | |
| 156 (7%) | 5 (22%) | 0.020** | |||
| Week of pregnancy | 40.2 (± 1.0) | 40.1 (± 1.1) | 40.2 (± 1.0) | 0.307 | |
| Diabetes | 74 (4%) | 19 (8%) | 6 (26%) | 99 (4%) | 0.000 |
| 25 (9%) | 0.000 | ||||
dGDM | 42 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 4 (17%) | 52 (2%) | 0.000 |
iGDM | 24 (1%) | 10 (4%) | 1 (4%) | 35 (2%) | |
DMT1 | 5 (0.2%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 | 6 (0.3%) | |
DMT2 | 3 (0.1%) | 2 (0.8%) | 1 (4%) | 6 (0.3%) | |
| Weight prior to pregnancy ≤ 80 kg | 476 (24%) | 77 (32%) | 9 (39%) | 562 (25%) | 0.013 |
| 86 (32%) | 0.005 | ||||
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 prior to pregnancy) (* 116 ) | 331 (17%) | 59 (25%) | 8 (35%) | 398 (18%) | |
| 67 (26%) | 0.001 | ||||
| Weight gain during pregnancy (kg) (* 253 ) | 16 (IQR 12 – 20) | 17 (IQR 13 – 21) | 16 (IQR 12 – 21) | 16 (IQR 12 – 20) | 0.103*** |
| Sex, male (* 1 ) | 1 282 (64%) | 168 (68%) | 15 (65%) | 1 465 (64%) | 0.552 |
| 183 (67%) | 0.285 | ||||
| Multipara (* 4 ) | 98 (5%) | 16 (6%) | 114 (5%) | 0.475 | |
| 110 (5%) | 4 (17%) | 0.025** | |||
| Unipara (* 4 ) | 798 (40%) | 86 (35%) | 8 (35%) | 888 (39%) | 0.289 |
| Post-term | |||||
≤ 40 + 0 | 781 (39%) | 101 (41%) | 13 (57%) | 895 (39%) | |
40 + 1 – 41 + 6 | 1 196 (60%) | 145 (58%) | 10 (44%) | 1 351 (59%) | |
≥ 42 + 0 | 28 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 0 | 31 (1%) | |
|
| 1 737 (89%) | 197 (10%) | 16 (1%) | 1 950 | |
| Induction (* 15 ) | 658 (38%) | 84 (44%) | 5 (31%) | 747 (39%) | |
| 89 (43%) | 0.170 | ||||
| Induction method (* 3 ) | |||||
Minprostin vaginal gel | 198 (30%) | 28 (32%) | 226 (30%) | ||
Misoprostol oral | 321 (49%) | 45 (51%) | 366 (49%) | ||
Long-term oxytocin infusion | 126 (19%) | 13 (15%) | 139 (19%) | ||
Amniotomy | 5 (1%) | 3 (3%) | 8 (1%) | ||
Other | 5 (1%) | 0 | 5 (1%) | ||
Table 2 Maternal outcome classified according to birth weight.
| Variable | 4 000 – 4 499 g | 4 500 – 4 999 g | ≥ 5 000 g | all | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(*
n
): Number of missing data for the variable
| |||||
|
| 2 005 (88%) | 249 (11%) | 23 (1%) | 2 277 | |
| Mode of delivery (* 1 ) | 0.000**** | ||||
Spontaneous | 1 229 (61%) | 131 (53%) | 11 (50%) | 1 371 (60%) | |
Vaginal-surgical | 179 (9%) | 15 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 194 (9%) | |
Prim. section | 268 (13%) | 52 (21%) | 6 (27%) | 326 (14%) | |
Sec. section | 329 (16%) | 51 (20%) | 5 (23%) | 385 (17%) | |
| Mode of delivery, vaginal (* 1 ) | 1 408 (70%) | 146 (59%) | 11 (50%) | 1 565 (69%) | 0.000 |
| Bleeding (* 95 ) | 0.001 | ||||
< 500 ml | 1 157 (60%) | 118 (48%) | 1 275 (58%) | ||
500 – 999 ml | 666 (34%) | 108 (44%) | 774 (35%) | ||
≥ 1000 ml | 112 (6%) | 21 (9%) | 133 (6%) | ||
| Adverse maternal outcome*** (* 166 ) | 799 (42%) | 81 (44%) | 15 (71%) | 895 (42%) | 0.023 |
|
| 1 408 (90%) | 146 (9%) | 11 (1%) | 1 565 | |
| Birth injury (* 12 ) | |||||
None | 685 (49%) | 71 (50%) | 5 (46%) | 761 (49%) | |
Grade I/II perineal laceration | 450 (32%) | 45 (32%) | 5 (46%) | 500 (32%) | |
Grade III/IV perineal laceration | 31 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 0 | 33 (2%) | |
Cervical laceration | 9 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 0 | 11 (1%) | |
Other | 226 (16%) | 21 (15%) | 1 (9%) | 248 (16%) | |
| Birth injury, severe (* 12 ) | 40 (3%) | 4 (3%) | 44 (3%) | 1.000** | |
| Episiotomy (* 9 ) | 326 (23%) | 38 (25%) | 364 (23%) | 0.692 | |
| Blood loss ≥ 500 ml (* 58 ) | 190 (14%) | 26 (19%) | 4 (36%) | 220 (15%) | |
| 30 (21%) | 0.029 | ||||
|
Adverse maternal outcome*** (*
58
)
| 256 (19%) | 35 (24%) | 291 (19%) | 0.121 | |
| 286 (19%) | 5 (46%) | 0.043 | |||
| Vaginal-surgical delivery | 178 (13%) | 15 (10%) | 193 (12%) | 0.264 | |
|
| 1 737 (89%) | 197 (10%) | 16 (1%) | 1 950 | |
| Sec. section | 329 (19%) | 51 (26%) | 5 (31%) | 385 (20%) | |
| 56 (26%) | 0.011 | ||||
| Emergency section | 22 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 0 | 25 (1%) | 0.749**** |
| Drug-based induction (* 15 ) | 657 (38%) | 89 (43%) | 746 (39%) | 0.165 | |
Fig. 1Representation of the mode of delivery in the weight classes 4000 – 4499 g, 4500 – 4999 g and ≥ 5000 g. Primary and secondary sections were performed more frequently with an increasing birth weight.
Fig. 2UA-pH depending on birth weight. No difference in the various weight groups was observed.
Table 3 Foetal outcome divided according to birth weight.
| Variable | 4 000 – 4 499 g | 4 500 – 4 999 g | ≥ 5 000 g | all | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(*
n
): Number of missing data for the variable
| |||||
|
| 2 005 (88%) | 249 (11%) | 23 (1%) | 2277 | |
| 10-Minute Apgar < 5 (* 23 ) | 7 (0.4%) | 0 | 7 (0.3%) | 1.000** | |
| UApH (* 36 ) | |||||
≥ 7.1 | 1 930 (98%) | 233 (97%) | 21 (96%) | 2 184 (98%) | |
7 – 7.09 | 41 (2%) | 8 (3%) | 1 (5%) | 50 (2%) | |
< 7 | 7 (0.4%) | 0 | 0 | 7 (0.3%) | |
| UApH < 7.1 (* 36 ) | 48 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 0.885 | ||
| BE < −16 mmol/l (* 154 ) | 7 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 8 (0.4%) | 1.000** | |
| Transfer to neonatology (* 22 ) | 194 (10%) | 39 (16%) | 7 (33%) | 240 (11%) | |
| 46 (18%) | 0.000 | ||||
| Adverse perinatal outcome*** (* 24 ) | 14 (1%) | 1 (0.4%) | 15 (1%) | 1.000** | |
|
| 1 408 (90%) | 146 (9%) | 11 (1%) | 1 565 | |
| Shoulder dystocia | 12 (0.9%) | 6 (4%) | 2 (18%) | 20 (1%)* | |
| 8 (5%) | 0.000** | ||||
Tab. 1 Demografische Eigenschaften der Studienkohorte unterteilt nach Geburtsgewicht.
| Variable | 4 000 – 4 499 g | 4 500 – 4 999 g | ≥ 5 000 g | alle | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 005 (88%) | 249 (11%) | 23 (1%) | 2277 | ||
|
(*
n
): Anzahl fehlender Daten für die Variable
| |||||
| Alter ≥ 40 Jahre | 138 (7%) | 18 (7%) | 5 (22%) | 161 (7%) | |
| 156 (7%) | 5 (22%) | 0,020** | |||
| Schwangerschaftswoche | 40,2 (± 1,0) | 40,1 (± 1,1) | 40,2 (± 1,0) | 0,307 | |
| Diabetes | 74 (4%) | 19 (8%) | 6 (26%) | 99 (4%) | 0,000 |
| 25 (9%) | 0,000 | ||||
dGDM | 42 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 4 (17%) | 52 (2%) | 0,000 |
iGDM | 24 (1%) | 10 (4%) | 1 (4%) | 35 (2%) | |
DMT1 | 5 (0.2%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 | 6 (0.3%) | |
DMT2 | 3 (0.1%) | 2 (0.8%) | 1 (4%) | 6 (0.3%) | |
| Gewicht vor Schwangerschaft ≤ 80 kg | 476 (24%) | 77 (32%) | 9 (39%) | 562 (25%) | 0,013 |
| 86 (32%) | 0,005 | ||||
| Adipositas (BMI ≥ 30 vor Schwangerschaft) (* 116 ) | 331 (17%) | 59 (25%) | 8 (35%) | 398 (18%) | |
| 67 (26%) | 0,001 | ||||
| Gewichtszunahme in der Schwangerschaft (kg) (* 253 ) | 16 (IQR 12 – 20) | 17 (IQR 13 – 21) | 16 (IQR 12 – 21) | 16 (IQR 12 – 20) | 0,103*** |
| Geschlecht, männlich (* 1 ) | 1 282 (64%) | 168 (68%) | 15 (65%) | 1 465 (64%) | 0,552 |
| 183 (67%) | 0,285 | ||||
| Multipara (* 4 ) | 98 (5%) | 16 (6%) | 114 (5%) | 0,475 | |
| 110 (5%) | 4 (17%) | 0,025** | |||
| Unipara (* 4 ) | 798 (40%) | 86 (35%) | 8 (35%) | 888 (39%) | 0,289 |
| Terminüberschreitung | |||||
≤ 40 + 0 | 781 (39%) | 101 (41%) | 13 (57%) | 895 (39%) | |
40 + 1 – 41 + 6 | 1 196 (60%) | 145 (58%) | 10 (44%) | 1 351 (59%) | |
≥ 42 + 0 | 28 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 0 | 31 (1%) | |
|
| 1 737 (89%) | 197 (10%) | 16 (1%) | 1950 | |
| Einleitung (* 15 ) | 658 (38%) | 84 (44%) | 5 (31%) | 747 (39%) | |
| 89 (43%) | 0,170 | ||||
| Einleitungsmethode (* 3 ) | |||||
Minprostin Vaginalgel | 198 (30%) | 28 (32%) | 226 (30%) | ||
Misoprostol oral | 321 (49%) | 45 (51%) | 366 (49%) | ||
Oxytocindauerinfusion | 126 (19%) | 13 (15%) | 139 (19%) | ||
Amniotomie | 5 (1%) | 3 (3%) | 8 (1%) | ||
sonstiges | 5 (1%) | 0 | 5 (1%) | ||
Tab. 2 Maternaler Ausgang unterteilt nach Geburtsgewicht.
| Variable | 4 000 – 4 499 g | 4 500 – 4 999 g | ≥ 5 000 g | alle | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(*
n
): Anzahl fehlender Daten für die Variable
| |||||
|
| 2 005 (88%) | 249 (11%) | 23 (1%) | 2277 | |
| Geburtsmodus (* 1 ) | 0,000**** | ||||
spontan | 1 229 (61%) | 131 (53%) | 11 (50%) | 1 371 (60%) | |
vaginal-operativ | 179 (9%) | 15 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 194 (9%) | |
prim. Sectio | 268 (13%) | 52 (21%) | 6 (27%) | 326 (14%) | |
sek. Sectio | 329 (16%) | 51 (20%) | 5 (23%) | 385 (17%) | |
| Geburtsmodus, vaginal (* 1 ) | 1 408 (70%) | 146 (59%) | 11 (50%) | 1 565 (69%) | 0,000 |
| Blutungen (* 95 ) | 0,001 | ||||
< 500 ml | 1 157 (60%) | 118 (48%) | 1 275 (58%) | ||
500 – 999 ml | 666 (34%) | 108 (44%) | 774 (35%) | ||
≥ 1000 ml | 112 (6%) | 21 (9%) | 133 (6%) | ||
| adverser maternaler Outcome*** (* 166 ) | 799 (42%) | 81 (44%) | 15 (71%) | 895 (42%) | 0,023 |
|
| 1 408 (90%) | 146 (9%) | 11 (1%) | 1 565 | |
| Geburtsverletzung (* 12 ) | |||||
keine | 685 (49%) | 71 (50%) | 5 (46%) | 761 (49%) | |
DR I°/DR II° | 450 (32%) | 45 (32%) | 5 (46%) | 500 (32%) | |
DR III°/DR IV° | 31 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 0 | 33 (2%) | |
Zervixriss | 9 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 0 | 11 (1%) | |
sonstige | 226 (16%) | 21 (15%) | 1 (9%) | 248 (16%) | |
| Geburtsverletzung, schwer (* 12 ) | 40 (3%) | 4 (3%) | 44 (3%) | 1,000** | |
| Episiotomie (* 9 ) | 326 (23%) | 38 (25%) | 364 (23%) | 0,692 | |
| BV ≥ 500 ml (* 58 ) | 190 (14%) | 26 (19%) | 4 (36%) | 220 (15%) | |
| 30 (21%) | 0,029 | ||||
|
adverser maternaler Ausgang*** (*
58
)
| 256 (19%) | 35 (24%) | 291 (19%) | 0,121 | |
| 286 (19%) | 5 (46%) | 0,043 | |||
| vaginal-operative Entbindung | 178 (13%) | 15 (10%) | 193 (12%) | 0,264 | |
|
| 1 737 (89%) | 197 (10%) | 16 (1%) | 1 950 | |
| sek. Sectio | 329 (19%) | 51 (26%) | 5 (31%) | 385 (20%) | |
| 56 (26%) | 0,011 | ||||
| Notsectio | 22 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 0 | 25 (1%) | 0,749**** |
| Einleitung medikamentös (* 15 ) | 657 (38%) | 89 (43%) | 746 (39%) | 0,165 | |
Abb. 1Darstellung des Geburtsmodus in den Gewichtsklassen 4000 – 4499 g, 4500 – 4999 g und ≥ 5000 g. Bei zunehmendem Geburtsgewicht wurden häufiger primäre und sekundäre Sectiones durchgeführt.
Abb. 2NA-pH in Abhängigkeit vom Geburtsgewicht. Es konnte kein Unterschied in den verschiedenen Gewichtsgruppen beobachtet werden.
Tab. 3 Fetaler Ausgang unterteilt nach Geburtsgewicht.
| Variable | 4 000 – 4 499 g | 4 500 – 4 999 g | ≥ 5 000 g | alle | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(*
n
): Anzahl fehlender Daten für die Variable
| |||||
|
| 2 005 (88%) | 249 (11%) | 23 (1%) | 2 277 | |
| 10-Minuten-Apgar < 5 (* 23 ) | 7 (0,4%) | 0 | 7 (0,3%) | 1,000** | |
| NA-pH (* 36 ) | |||||
≥ 7,1 | 1 930 (98%) | 233 (97%) | 21 (96%) | 2 184 (98%) | |
7 – 7,09 | 41 (2%) | 8 (3%) | 1 (5%) | 50 (2%) | |
< 7 | 7 (0,4%) | 0 | 0 | 7 (0,3%) | |
| NA-pH < 7,1 (* 36 ) | 48 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 0,885 | ||
| BE < −16 mmol/l (* 154 ) | 7 (0,4%) | 1 (0,4%) | 8 (0,4%) | 1,000** | |
| Verlegung in die Neonatologie (* 22 ) | 194 (10%) | 39 (16%) | 7 (33%) | 240 (11%) | |
| 46 (18%) | 0,000 | ||||
| adverser perinataler Ausgang *** (* 24 ) | 14 (1%) | 1 (0,4%) | 15 (1%) | 1,000** | |
|
| 1 408 (90%) | 146 (9%) | 11 (1%) | 1565 | |
| Schulterdystokie | 12 (0,9%) | 6 (4%) | 2 (18%) | 20 (1%)* | |
| 8 (5%) | 0,000** | ||||