Association between IL-6 and metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics.

OBJECTIVE: Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) have a high risk of causing metabolic syndrome (MetS). There is accumulating evidence supporting the fact that the activation of inflammatory pathway contributes to the development of MetS and further aggravates cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6), cognitive function, and MetS in schizophrenia patients treated with SGAs.
METHODS: One hundred and seventy-four patients with schizophrenia using SGAs were divided into MetS and non-MetS group, based on the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III. Cognitive function was measured using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). A total of 138 patients and 29 healthy controls were examined in the plasma IL-6 levels.
RESULTS: The prevalence of MetS in schizophrenia patients treated with SGAs was 33% in this study. There were no significant differences in cognitive functions (both RBANS total score and subscale score) between MetS and non-Mets patients (P>0.05). Patients with MetS had higher plasma levels of IL-6 compared to non-MetS patients (P=0.019). However, such difference was only found in male patients (male: P=0.012; female: P=0.513). The partial correlational analysis further showed that IL-6 levels were notably negative related to the HDL levels in male schizophrenia patients after age, years of education, body mass index (BMI), age of onset, total disease course, and equal dose of olanzapine were controlled (male: P=0.009; female: P=0.450). In addition, the multiple regression analysis (stepwise model) performed in the male patient subgroup showed that IL-6 (beta =-0.283, t=-2.492, P=0.015) was an independent contributor to the HDL levels. However, the IL-6 was not an independent contributor to the HDL levels in female patients.
CONCLUSION: Our findings provide evidence suggesting that the immune-inflammatory effect of IL-6 on SGAs-induced MetS may be in a gender manner.

Introduction

Schizophrenia is a chronic and deliberating disorder, characterized by positive and negative symptoms and cognitive impairment.1 It affects approximately 1% of the world’s population and increased social burden, thus, becoming a serious public health problem.2 Antipsychotic drug has been widely acknowledged as the first-line treatment for schizophrenia since first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) were found to have advantages in improving positive symptoms in the 1950s.3 Compared to FGAs, second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) lead to a lower risk of extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia.4 Therefore, it has been more frequently prescribed for schizophrenia patients in recent years. Unfortunately, SGAs are more notorious than FGAs for causing metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disorders.5 These metabolic adverse effects are often associated with non-compliance and medical problems.6 Moreover, the average life span of people with schizophrenia is shortened by 20 years compared to individuals without this disorder.7 One of the possible explanations for the differential mortality rate is the increased risk of metabolic adverse effects in schizophrenia patients.8 Therefore, identifying biomarkers for MetS in schizophrenia patients and to reduce its occurrence remains an important goal.

MetS is described as a cluster of obesity-related risk factors for chronic metabolic and cardiovascular diseases including abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, increased triglycerides, and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol based on the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria.9 The data from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trial of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) have shown that the prevalence of MetS for schizophrenia in the United States is 40.9%,10 which is significantly higher compared to the general population.11 MetS and its components are important risk factors for developing cognitive impairment and dementia.12,13 Our previous preliminary findings indicated that schizophrenia patients with MetS had poorer cognitive functions than those without MetS, and immune-inflammation may play an important role in this regard.4 And previous studies have also supported the role of immune inflammation in MetS and cognitive impairment.14 However, not all studies revealed a significant relationship between MetS (and its components) and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. For example, Bora and colleagues failed to find any association between MetS and cognition through a largest CATIE trial.15 Interestingly, hyperglycemia, an important component in MetS, was actually found to predict better verbal memory performance.16 Hence, it is not clear whether or not cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are specifically associated with MetS.

Ample literature has documented that immune deregulation may lead to the cluster of chronic metabolic disorders,17 and aberrant peripheral levels of immune-inflammatory markers also reported in schizophrenia patients used in SGAs.18 Thus, chronic low-grade inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of MetS in schizophrenia patients. Abdominal obesity is considered as a marker of dysfunctional adipose tissue, as well as an important manifestation of MetS.19 Interleukin-6 (IL-6), as the chief stimulator of the response in inflammation, it is reported that appropriately one-third of circulating IL-6 has been attributed to adipose tissue secretion, with macrophages being the major contributor.20 During the acute and chronic inflammatory states, the secretion of IL-6 from adipose tissue highly increased, which suggests a link between IL-6 and obesity.20 And early researches also supported a possible relationship between IL-6 and MetS in patients with schizophrenia;21,22 however, there are conflicting results.18,23

Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare plasma levels of IL-6 and cognitive functions between schizophrenia with and without MetS, and to investigate the relationship between MetS, especially its components, and IL-6 in schizophrenia patients. We hypothesized that patients with MetS would have higher plasma IL-6 levels than those without MetS, and IL-6 may be associated with specific metabolic indicators.

Methods

Participants

This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Shanghai Mental Health Center. A total of 174 (82 males and 92 females) inpatients with schizophrenia were included in our present study. All patients met the following criteria: (1) had been diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) with the diagnoses made by experienced psychiatrists; (2) age 18–50 years, Han Chinese; (3) had a junior high school education or above; (4) patients were receiving SGAs treatment only. They were excluded if they: (1) had other diagnosed psychiatric disorder besides schizophrenia or a lifetime substance abuse/dependence disorder; (2) uncontrolled major medical conditions, including any comorbid medical disease that could potentially influence the immune system before 1 month prior to study entry; (3) were pregnant or breastfeeding. We also recruited 29 (12 males and 17 females) healthy individuals for controls, who were screened by a specialized psychiatrist using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders-Patient Edition. The dosage of antipsychotics was recalculated to become an equivalent dose of olanzapine according to defined daily dose (DDD) method developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Shanghai Mental Health Center, and all procedures were performed in strict accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and other relevant national and international regulations. Moreover, the written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to the performance of any procedures related to this study.

Clinical assessment

We collected the demographic and clinical data of subjects through self-made questionnaires, and basic demographic and clinical information of schizophrenia patients were obtained from medical records and case managers. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used for measuring the severity of psychotic symptoms exhibited by the schizophrenia patients. Two experienced psychiatrists had simultaneously attended a training session on using PANSS and repeated assessments for the PANSS total score maintained and inter-rater correlation coefficient greater than 0.8.

Cognitive tests

The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was applied to evaluate cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients.24 The 12-item RBANS make up of a total score and 5 age-adjusted index scores, including immediate memory (list learning and story memory tasks), visuospatial/constructional (figure copy and line orientation tasks), language (picture naming and semantic fluency tasks), attention (digit span and coding tasks), and delayed memory (list recall, story recall, figure recall, and list recognition tasks). It has good validity and reliability in Chinese people25 and works well in cognitive evaluations of patients with schizophrenia.26,27

Anthropometric and biochemical parameters

MetS was diagnosed based on the presence of any three of the following criteria: (1) a waist circumference ≥90 cm in Chinese men and ≥80 cm in Chinese women; (2) triglyceride (TG)≥1.7 mmol/L; (3) HDL cholesterol<1.0 mmol/L in men and <1.3 mmol/L in women; (4) blood pressure≥130/85 mmHg; or (5) fasting glucose (GLU)≥5.6 mmol/L. The above criterion is based on the definition by the NCEP-ATP III and is also the best MetS criterion for a Chinese population.28

Following an overnight fast, serum samples from the patients were collected between 6:00 and 9:00 a.m. and stored at −80°C until used for the assay. Serum fasting GLU, TG, and HDL levels were measured using an automatic Biochemical Analyzer (HITACHI 7170A, Hitachi, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Blood pressure including systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was also measured using an automated blood pressure machine before the blood collection. And waist circumference was measured between the lower rib margin and the iliac crest, after a normal expiratory breath as described in our previous article.29

Plasma IL-6 measurements

A total of 10 mL fasting blood samples was collected from 138 patients and 29 healthy controls between 06:00 and 09:00 a.m. The plasma was separated by centrifugation at 3000 r/min for 15 mins at 4°C and stored at −80°C until used for assay. Plasma levels of IL-6 were measured with the Quantibody Human Inflammation Array 1 (QAH-INF-1) from Ray Biotech (Norcross, GA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.30 And the limitation of detection was 1 pg/mL for IL-6 with this measurement.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v. 23.0. After excluding a potential outlier of IL-6 (≥Mean±3×SD,240.01pg/m), the Kolmogorov–Smirnov one-sample test was used to examine the normality of the biochemical parameters, and IL-6 levels in patients and normal controls (P>0.05). We then used the independent Student’s t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and chi-square for categorical variables to compare the differences in demographic, clinical variables, and blood parameters between groups. And the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to control the effects of confounding variables. In addition, the correlation between IL-6 and other variables was calculated by Pearson’s correlation analysis, and a partial correlational analysis was used to explore the relationship between IL-6 and components of MetS, controlling for age, sex, BMI, age of onset, total course, and equal dose of olanzapine. Then, the multiple regression analysis (stepwise model) was used to identify significant predictive variables associated with the component of MetS in schizophrenia patients. Finally, we further performed sex stratification to explore whether sex difference exists in the relationship between IL-6 and MetS or its components. And the Bonferroni-adjusted significance tests were used for multiple comparisons. All tests were two-tailed and with statistical significance as P< 0.05. And we used the G*Power 3.1.9.2 program (https://www.softpedia.com/get/Science-CAD/G-Power.shtml) to run a power calculation and determine the effect size.

Results

The demographic characteristics for schizophrenia patients and healthy controls are summarized in Table 1. There were no significant differences in terms of age, sex, years of education, marital status, and body mass index (BMI) between the two groups. Among 138 patients measured the plasma IL-6 levels, only 137 were included in the final analysis due to one potential outlier was excluded. Our results showed that patients had a markedly higher IL-6 levels compared to healthy controls (9.14±2.52 vs 7.98±2.96 pg/mL, F (1, 165)=4.801, P=0.030). After age, sex, years of education were controlled as covariance, this difference still remained (F=4.303, P=0.040) (Figure 1A). And the power calculation showed that the statistical power reached 74%.

Table 1

Characteristics of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls

	Patients (N=174)	Controls (N=29)	Statistics	P
Age (year)	35.83±9.52	33.24±5.99	t=1.956	0.056
Sex (male/female)	82/92	12/17	X2=0.330	0.688
Education (year)	13.06±8.84	14.59±3.34	t=0.919	0.359
BMI (kg/m2)	24.07±3.78	23.19±3.30	t=1.186	0.237
Marital status (single/married)	117/57	16/13	X2=1.603	0.291
IL-6 (pg/mL)	9.14±2.52	7.98±2.96	F =4.801	0.030

Note: Data presented as mean±SD or N.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IL-6, interleukin 6.

Figure 1

Comparison of plasma IL-6 levels between different groups. Each bar represents the mean level of IL-6. Error bars represent the standard deviation. (A) Plasma level of IL-6 in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls (9.14±2.52 vs 7.98±2.96 pg/mL, F=4.303, P=0.040); (B) Plasma level of IL-6 in MetS and non-MetS groups (9.90±2.62 vs 8.78±2.40 pg/mL, F=5.609, P=0.019); (C) Plasma levels of IL-6 in male MetS patients and non-MetS patients (10.35±2.63 vs 8.66±2.57 pg/mL, F=6.709, P=0.012); (D) Plasma levels of IL-6 in female MetS patients and non-MetS patients (9.48±2.60 vs 8.93±2.23 pg/mL, F =0.403, P=0.513). The P-values for intergroup comparison of IL-6 were adjusted for age, sex, years of education, BMI, age of onset, total disease course, and equal dose of olanzapine were controlled as covariates.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IL-6, interleukin 6; MetS, metabolic syndrome.

Among the 174 schizophrenia patients receiving SGAs treatment, MetS was found in 57 (33%) patients. The demographic, clinical features, and biochemical parameters of the MetS and non-MetS groups are presented in Table 2. Our results showed that MetS patients had a higher BMI, waistline, SBP, DBP, serum fasting GLU, TG levels (all P<0.001), and a longer total disease course (P=0.001) compared to non-MetS patients. However, patients with MetS had a lower level of HDL than non-MetS patients (P<0.001). To compare the plasma IL-6 levels between patients with and without MetS (44 vs 93), we found that MetS patients had significantly higher IL-6 levels than non-MetS patients (9.90±2.62 vs 8.78±2.40 pg/mL, F=6.036, P=0.015), and these differences remained even after we controlled for age, sex, years of education, BMI, age of onset, total disease course, and equal dose of olanzapine (F=5.609, P=0.019) (Figure 1B). Moreover, the significant difference also withstood the Bonferroni correction (P=0.019<0.05/2). However, there were no significant differences in age, sex, years of education, BMI, marital status, episode (first or recurrence), family history of mental illness, antipsychotics (monotherapy or drug combination), and equal dose of olanzapine between those two groups (P>0.05). There were also no significant differences in the severity of psychotic symptoms (PANSS total or subscale score) and cognitive functions (RBANS total or subscale score) between the MetS and non-MetS groups (P>0.05).

Table 2

Demographics and clinical features between MetS and non-MetS patients

	MetS (N=57)	Non-MetS (N=117)	F/X2	P
Age (year)	37.79±9.45	34.88±9.44	6.036	0.015
Sex (male/female)	23/34	59/58	1.562	0.258
Education (year)	12.40±2.87	13.38±10.59	0.463	0.497
BMI (kg/m2)	26.01±3.46	23.13±3.57	25.452	<0.001
Marital status (single/married)	36/21	81/36	0.642	0.492
Age of onset (year)	23.30±6.85	23.77±6.65	0.188	0.665
Total course (month)	180.51±101.76	130.07±91.63	10.80	0.001
Episode (first/recurrence)	3/54	6/111	0.001	1.000
Family history (no/yes)	47/10	81/36	3.447	0.069
Antipsychotics (single/combination)	32/25	67/50	0.020	1.000
Equal dose of olanzapine (mg)	16.12±6.54	18.12±7.01	3.269	0.072
Waist circumference (cm)	92.37±9.87	83.84±8.50	34.657	<0.001
Fasting GLU (mmol/L)	5.98±1.79	4.90±0.79	30.679	<0.001
Fasting TG (mmol/L)	2.23±1.05	1.24±0.94	39.131	<0.001
Fasting HDL (mmol/L)	1.03±0.20	1.24±0.33	20.289	<0.001
SBP (mm Hg)	121.86±10.23	114.11±10.71	20.640	<0.001
DBP (mm Hg)	79.11±8.27	73.66±8.35	16.424	<0.001
PANSS
Positive symptom	13.47±4.96	13.00±4.43	0.405	0.525
Negative symptom	16.67±6.64	16.88±5.94	0.046	0.831
General psychopathology	30.44±5.71	30.60±6.62	0.024	0.876
Total score	60.88±12.92	60.44±12.78	0.044	0.835
RBANS
Immediate memory	62.84±17.21	61.69±15.51	0.196	0.659
Visuospatial skill	68.42±10.91	67.41±9.47	0.394	0.531
Language	71.28±18.04	71.02±16.52	0.009	0.924
Attention	86.60±16.76	87.49±16.49	0.111	0.740
Delayed memory	58.63±18.71	59.27±17.44	0.049	0.824
Total score	62.75±13.93	62.50±11.92	0.015	0.902

Notes: Data presented mean±SD or N.

Abbreviations: MetS, metabolic syndrome; BMI, body mass index; GLU, glucose; TG, triacylglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic pressure; DBP, diastolic pressure; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status.

For the correlation analysis conducted in the schizophrenia patients, we found that IL-6 was not associated with demographic data and clinical variables such as age, years of education, BMI, age of onset, total disease course, and equal dose of olanzapine (P>0.05). And we also found that IL-6 was not correlated with the severity of psychotic symptoms (PANSS total or subscale score) as well as cognitive functions (RBANS total or subscale score) (P>0.05). For components of MetS, our results showed a negative correlation between IL-6 and HDL levels (r=−0.185, P=0.030), but not BP, waistline, fasting GLU, and TG levels (P>0.05) (Table S1). The results of the partial correlational analysis further showed that plasma IL-6 levels were notably related to the HDL levels in schizophrenia patients after controlling for age, sex, years of education, BMI, age of onset, total disease course, and equal dose of olanzapine as covariates (r=−0.190, P=0.030) (Figure 2A). Further multiple regression analysis (stepwise model) performed showed that BMI (beta =−0.188, t=−2.402, P=0.018), sex (beta =0.340, t=4.350, P=0.001) and IL-6 (beta =−0.180, t=−2.318, P=0.022) were independent contributors to the HDL levels in schizophrenia patients.

Table S1

Correlations between demographic, clinical characteristics, metabolic components, and IL-6 levels in schizophrenia patients

Variable	IL-6 levels
r	P
Age	0.063	0.423
BMI	0.017	0.827
Education	0.030	0.698
Age of onset	0.054	0.532
Total course	0.089	0.300
Equal dose of olanzapine	−0.061	0.481
PANSS total score	−0.146	0.089
Positive symptom	−0.019	0.822
Negative symptom	−0.105	0.221
General psychopathology	−0.149	0.083
RBANS total score	−0.059	0.493
Immediate memory	−0.054	0.531
Visuospatial skill	0.048	0.575
Language	−0.062	0.474
Attention	−0.076	0.380
Delayed memory	−0.065	0.451
Waist circumference	−0.008	0.923
Fasting GLU	−0.006	0.947
Fasting TG	0.133	0.122
Fasting HDL	−0.185	0.030
SBP	0.094	0.274
DBP	0.124	0.148

Abbreviations: IL-6, interleukin 6; BMI, body mass index; GLU, glucose; TG, triacylglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic pressure; DBP, diastolic pressure; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status.

Figure 2

Correlation between plasma IL-6 and HDL levels. (A) Correlation between plasma IL-6 and HDL levels in patients group (r=−0.190, P=0.030); (B) Correlation between plasma IL-6 and HDL levels in male patients group (r=−0.321, P=0.009).

Abbreviations: IL-6, interleukin 6; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.

Since we found sex was significantly associated with HDL levels in schizophrenia patients, further analyses were performed separately for the women and men with schizophrenia to assess sex differences in IL-6 associated with HDL. For male patients, our results showed that IL-6 levels were significantly higher in MetS patients compared to non-MetS patients (F=6.709, P=0.012) after age, years of education, BMI, age of onset, total disease course, and equal dose of olanzapine were controlled (see Figure 1C and D). And this significant difference also withstood the Bonferroni correction (P=0.012<0.05/2). There was a negative correlation between IL-6 and HDL levels in male patients after age, years of education, BMI, age of onset, total disease course, and equal dose of olanzapine were controlled (r=−0.321, P=0.009) (Figure 2B). For female patients, after age, years of education, BMI, age of onset, total disease course, and equal dose of olanzapine were controlled, no significant difference in IL-6 levels between MetS patients and non-MetS patients (F=0.403, P=0.513) was found. And there was also no significant association between IL-6 and HDL levels in female patients (female: r=−0.099, P=0.450). Finally, the multiple regression analysis (stepwise model) performed in the male patient subgroup showed that BMI (beta =−0.236, t=−2.079, P=0.041) and IL-6 (beta =−0.283, t=−2.492, P=0.015) were independent contributors to the HDL levels. However, the IL-6 was not an independent contributor to the HDL levels in female patients.

Discussion

In the present study, the overall prevalence of MetS in the 174 patients with SGAs was 33%, which is similar to the rate (32.5%) reported in a recent meta-analysis,31 while lower than that (41.8%) reported by our previous study with the monotherapy with clozapine (43.2%)29 or olanzapine (44%).4 Although all SGAs lead to high risk of MetS, with clozapine and olanzapine are the most obesogenic.32 Therefore, the lower rate of MetS may be due to the fact that our patients also used other SGAs in addition to olanzapine and clozapine.

The results of our study have shown that MetS patients had higher plasma IL-6 levels compared to those without MetS. IL-6 is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine and plays a vital role in the immune response.33 Therefore, the elevated levels of IL-6 indicated a high inflammatory state in schizophrenia patients with MetS. Inflammation has been proposed to be of major pathophysiological importance for the development of MetS, and IL‐6 have repeatedly been associated with MetS in general population.34,35 Previous preclinical study also suggested that schizophrenia-relevant metabolic abnormalities could be primed by immune activation, and pro-inflammatory IL-6 is an important indicator involved in those processes.36 In addition, early literature demonstrated that inflammation is one of the most important mechanisms proposed for the development of clozapine-related MetS, and evidence derived from that clozapine promote the release of IL-6 in insulin-responsive cells and obesity-associated cell types.22 To further figure out which component among the five metabolic indicators was most associated with IL-6, we performed a correlation analysis and only found a significantly negative correlation between IL-6 and HDL before and after age, sex, years of education, BMI, age of onset, total disease course, and equal dose of olanzapine were all controlled. Our further multiple regression analysis also showed that IL-6 was an independent contributor to the HDL levels in schizophrenia. The negative correlation between IL-6 and HDL has also been reported by other studies.37,38 Therefore, our results suggest that the effect of IL-6 on MetS may be related to the specific regulation of HDL.

Schizophrenia displays sex difference in many aspects, such as age of onset,39 suicide rate,40 cognitive function,41 inflammatory characteristic,42 and MetS.43 Interestingly, our results showed that the elevated IL-6 levels were only found in male patients with MetS, and there was a significant correlation between IL-6 levels and HDL in males, but not in females. To the best of our knowledge, sex difference in the immune-inflammatory characteristics of MetS in schizophrenia has received little systematic study. However, ample evidence supports sex characteristics of MetS in patients with schizophrenia.43–45 And some studies found that male schizophrenia patients may be associated with higher metabolic risk, but lower antioxidant enzyme activities than females.44–46 This difference may come from the protection of sex hormone against the oxidative stress and immune inflammation in females.47 Hence, male patients presumably are more liable to consequences of the immune activation and the release of IL-6, and to further leads to the occurrence of MetS in male patients. However, since the sample size of the male and female groups decreased after sex stratification, our conclusions need to be verified in a larger sample.

Since evidence has shown that the MetS and its components may lead to poorer cognitive functioning in general population,12 a number of studies have been done to investigate the effects of the components of MetS on cognitive function in schizophrenia patients recently, but the results are contradictory.4,15,48 In the present study, we did not detect any association between MetS or its component and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Other studies including the CATIE study also did not find the association between MetS and cognitive domains.15 As such, the relationship between the MetS and cognitive function is inconsistent. It should be mentioned that there are significant methodological differences across studies when investigating the effects of MetS components on cognition in schizophrenia, especially the fact that almost all studies are cross-sectional, which preclude any direct causal relationship between MetS and cognition. Thus, the conflict results have to be confirmed with longitudinal studies.

Several limitations of the present study should be mentioned here. First, the main limitation is obviously the cross-sectional design, which could not demonstrate direct causal relationship between IL-6 and MetS in schizophrenia patients. Second, our sample size is small, especially after sex stratification; thus, the sex difference in the relationship between IL-6 and MetS should be viewed as preliminary results. Third, although the patients we included were all used SGAs, those drugs may exhibit different effects on metabolism, which may potentially confound the results obtained in the present study. However, due to the large variety of SGAs and our limited sample size, we were unable to conduct stratified analysis. Ultimately, future longitudinal study with larger study samples and further stratification of different drugs may provide a more adequate understanding of the role of immune-inflammatory in schizophrenia patients with MetS.

In conclusion, our study found that schizophrenia patients with MetS had elevated plasma levels of IL-6 compared to patients without Mets, and IL-6 was negatively correlated to HDL levels in the patients. However, the relationship between IL-6 and MetS, especially HDL, was only found in male patients. Our results suggest that sex is one of the important factors to consider when exploring the relationship between immune indicators and metabolic parameters in schizophrenia. And further longitudinal studies with a larger sample size are warranted to replicate these findings.