A GLIS3-CD133-WNT-signaling axis regulates the self-renewal of adult murine pancreatic progenitor-like cells in colonies and organoids.

The existence and regenerative potential of resident stem and progenitor cells in the adult pancreas are controversial topics. A question that has been only minimally addressed is the capacity of a progenitor cell to self-renew, a key attribute that defines stem cells. Previously, our laboratory has identified putative stem and progenitor cells from the adult murine pancreas. Using an ex vivo colony/organoid culture system, we demonstrated that these stem/progenitor-like cells have self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential. We have named these cells pancreatic colony-forming units (PCFUs) because they can give rise to three-dimensional colonies. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PCFUs self-renew have remained largely unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that PCFU self-renewal requires GLIS family zinc finger 3 (GLIS3), a zinc-finger transcription factor important in pancreas development. Pancreata from 2- to 4-month-old mice were dissociated, sorted for CD133highCD71low ductal cells, known to be enriched for PCFUs, and virally transduced with shRNAs to knock down GLIS3 and other proteins. We then plated these cells into our colony assays and analyzed the resulting colonies for protein and gene expression. Our results revealed a previously unknown GLIS3-to-CD133-to-WNT signaling axis in which GLIS3 and CD133 act as factors necessary for maintaining WNT receptors and signaling molecules in colonies, allowing responses to WNT ligands. Additionally, we found that CD133, but not GLIS3 or WNT, is required for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT Ser/Thr kinase (AKT)-mediated PCFU survival. Collectively, our results uncover a molecular pathway that maintains self-renewal of adult murine PCFUs.