Plant-based gold nanoparticles; a comprehensive review of the decade-long research on synthesis, mechanistic aspects and diverse applications.

The worldwide focus on research in the field of green nanotechnology has resulted in the environmentally and biologically safe applications of a diversity of nanomaterials. Nanotechnology, in general, implies the production of nanoparticles having different but regular shapes, sizes, and properties. A lot of studies have been conducted on the synthesis of metal nanoparticles through biological, chemical, and physical methods. Owing to its safety, both environmental and in vivo, as well as the ease of synthesis, biogenic routes especially the plant-based synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been preferred as the best strategy. Among the metal nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles are recognized as the most potent, biocompatible and environment-friendly. A decade of research work has attempted the production of gold nanoparticles mediated by different parts of various plants. Further, these nanoparticles have been engineered through modification in the sizes and shapes for attaining enhanced activity and optimal performance in many different applications including biomedical, antimicrobial, diagnostics and environmental applications. This article reviews the fabrication strategies for gold nanoparticles via plant-based routes and highlights the diversity of the applications of these materials in bio-nanotechnology. The review article also highlights the recent developments in the synthesis and optical properties of gold nanoparticles.