miR-3691-5p promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion through activating PI3K/Akt signaling by targeting PTEN.

Background: The enhanced ability of cancer metastasis is the major cause for the cancer-related death of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Better understanding the mechanisms for the motility of cancer cells will benefit the treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression contributes to HCC development and progression, whereas miR-3691-5p has not been reported in HCC. Purpose: The aim of this study was to elucidate the expression, function and mechanism of miR-3691-5p in HCC.
Methods: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to detect miR-3691-5p expression in HCC tissues and cell lines database analysis were conducted for detection of the expression of miR-3691-5p in HCC. Then, the association of miR-3691-5p with clinicopathological features of HCC patients were statistically measured. Subsequently, we attempted to observe the effects of miR-3691-5p on migration and invasion of HCC cells by transwell assays. Furthermore, bioinformatics tools and luciferase reporter gene assay as well as recuse experiments were conducted to explore the target of miR-3691-5p in HCC, and to explore whether the target mediated the effects of miR-3691-5p HCC cells.
Results: In the current study, we found that miR-3691-5p expression was elevated in both HCC tissues and cell lines, which was significantly correlated with poor prognosis and clinicopathological features including TNM stage (P=0.016) and vascular invasion (P=0.016). Furthermore, gain-or loss-of function assays demonstrated that miR-3691-5p promoted HCC cell migration and invasion. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that PTEN was a direct downstream target of miR-3691-5p. Recuse assays showed that restoration of PTEN reversed the effects of miR-3691-5p on HCC cell migration and invasion through decreasing PI3K/Akt signaling.
Conclusion:  Our results demonstrated that miR-3691-5p contributes to HCC cell migration and invasion through activating PI3K/Akt signaling by targeting PTEN.

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common cancer, represents the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide.1–3 China alone accounts for about half of the total number of cases and deaths due to the prevalence of hepatitis B virus.4,5 In spite of advances in diagnostic and treatment strategies, the prognosis of patients with HCC remains poor because of the metastasis and recurrence.6,7 For these reasons, the identification of key molecules involved in HCC progression is urgent and highly demanded for improving the clinical outcome.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules which regulate target genes by a post-transcriptional mechanism. Extensive studies indicate that miRNAs function as tumor promoting or suppressive factors to regulate tumor cell phenotypes including cell proliferation,8 cell cycle,9 invasion,10,11 migration,12,13 autophagy,14 and cellular senescence.15 However, whether and how miR-3691-5p is involved in the progress of HCC metastasis, invasion and migration is unknown.

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) as a tumour suppressor has been extensively studied in several tumor types including glioblastoma,16 breast cancer,17 endometrial cancer,18 ovarian cancer,19 lung cancer,20 prostate cancer,21 colorectal cancer22 and HCC.23 Previous studies have indicated a plethora of different miRNAs have been linked to PTEN regulation in human cancers including miR-19a in leukaemia,24 miR-22 in prostate25 and miR-26a in high-grade glioma26 and miR-21 in HCC.27 However, the relationship between PTEN and miR-3691-5p in HCC remains unknown.

In the present study, we demonstrated a significant increase of miR-3691-5p in HCC tissues and cells, which was correlated with poor prognosis and clinic pathological features. Our studies showed that miR-3691-5p promoted HCC cell migration and invasion through activating PI3K/Akt signaling by targeting PTEN. In conclusion, we demonstrated that miR-3691-5p functions as an oncogene in HCC.

Methods and materials

Tissue samples

Tissue samples were obtained from 43 patients who were undergoing liver resection in the Department of General Surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (Nanchang, China). The HCC patients did not receive any adjuvant therapy before surgery, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. All HCC and normal tissues were collected and restored in liquid nitrogen. All the patients were provided written informed consent. Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Nanchang University. The clinicopathologic parameters of patients were shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Association between miR-3691-5p expression and clinicopathologic features of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Characteristics	Number (n=43)	miR-3691-5p level		P-value
High (n=22)	Low (n=21)
Age (years)				0.449
≥60	29	16	13
<60	14	6	8
Gender				0.438
Male	31	17	14
Female	12	5	7
HBV infection				0.390
Negative	8	3	5
Positive	35	19	16
Liver cirrhosis				0.263
Absent	4	1	3
Present	39	21	18
AFP (ng/ml)				0.656
≤400	10	4	6
>400	33	18	15
Tumor size				0.172
≤5 cm	20	8	12
>5 cm	23	14	9
Tumor multiplicity				0.396
Single	28	13	15
Multiple	15	9	6
Vascular invasion				0.016*
No	27	10	17
Yes	16	12	4
Edmondson grade				0.161
I+II	24	10	14
III+IV	19	12	7
TNM stage				0.016*
I+II	35	15	20
III+IV	8	7	1

Note: Statistically significant values are shown in bold (*P<0.05). 

Cell culture, transfection and reagent

HEK 293T, the human HCC cell lines (Hep3B, SMMC-7721, MHCC97-L, MHCC97-H, HCCLM3) and the human immortalized normal hepatic cell line L02 were obtained from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). All cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) with 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Sigma, St-Louis, MO, USA) in a humidified incubator containing of 5% CO2 at 37 °C.

The mimics control (miR-control, CmiR-SN0001-SN), miR-3691-5p mimics (miR-3691-5p, HmiR-SN1977-SN-12), inhibitors control (anti-miR-NC, CmiR-AN0001-SN) and miR-3691-5p inhibitors (anti-miR-3691-5p, HmiR-AN1977-SN-20) were purchased from Genecopoeia (Guangzhou, China). PTEN expression plasmid (PTEN, SC119965), specific siRNA against PTEN (si-PTEN, SR321496) and their corresponding negative control (EV and si-control, PS100001 and SR30004) were constructed and purchased from OriGene (OriGene Technologies Inc., Rockville, MD, USA), and the sequences for PTEN siRNA and scrambled siRNA were shown in Table 2. Cells transfection was performed with Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. An Akt inhibitor, MK2206 (1 μM; Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA) was used to treat HCC cells for 12 h.

Table 2

Primers used in this study

Name	Sequence
PTEN siRNA
sense	5′-GGCGCUAUGUGUAUUAUUAdTdT-3′
antisense	3′-dTdTCCGCGAUACACAUAAUAAU-5′
scrambled siRNA
sense	5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′
antisense	5′-ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT-3

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)

Trizol (Invitrogen) was used to extract RNA from tissues and cells following as the manufacture procedure. TIANScript RT Kit (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China) was used to perform reverse transcription. Quantitative PCR were performed using TaqMan Human MiRNA Aaasy Kit (Genecopoeia) and SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM Kit (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan). The primers for PTEN (HQP067630) and GAPDH (HQP006940) were purchased from Genecopoeia. The primers for miR-3691-5p (HmiRQP1977) and U6 (HmiRQP9001) were obtained from Genecopoeia. The sequences of primers have been shown in Table 3. Expression levels were quantified using the 2−ΔΔCt method. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.

Table 3

Primers used in this study

Name	Sequence
PTEN forward	5′‐GGGTCTGAGTCGCCTGTCA-3
PTEN reverse	5′-GGGTCTGAGTCGCCTGTCA-3′
GAPDH forward	5′-GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTT-3′
GAPDH reverse	5′-ATGGGTGGAATCATATTGGAAC-3′
U6 forward	5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′
U6 reverse	5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3

Cell migration and invasion assays

Transwell chambers (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) were used for cell migration and invasion assays. For migration assays, HCC cells (2×104) in the upper chamber were cultured with serum-free DMEM, and the lower chamber was filled with 10% serum-containing DMEM. For invasion assays, HCC cells (2×104) were seeded on Matrigel-coated membrane inserts. Then, the chamber was put into the cell culture plate and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hrs. Subsequently, cells that migrated or invaded across the transwell membrane were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min and next stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 20 min. Finally, the migratory and invasive cells were examined and counted under microscope.

Western blotting

Proteins from HCC cells and tissues were extracted with RIPA buffer, the concentration was measured with the BCA Kit. Then proteins were electrophoresed by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Next, the membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat milk and incubated with specific primary antibodies at 4 °C overnight. PTEN (1:1000, #9188; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), Akt (1:1000, #4691; Cell Signaling Technology), p-Akt (1:2000, #4060; Cell Signaling Technology), GAPDH (1:1000, #5174; Cell Signaling Technology) antibodies were used. After that, the membranes were incubated with the second antibody (anti‑rabbit #7074; Cell Signaling Technology) for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, the ECL reagent (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, China) was applied for detection.

Luciferase reporter assay

The wild-type (WT) or mutant (MT) 3’UTR of PTEN mRNA were synthesized and inserted into downstream of the pEZX-MT06 vector (Genecopoeia). HEK 293T cells transfected with miR-3691-5p mimics or inhibitors or the corresponding controls were transfected with PTEN −3’UTR-wt and PTEN −3’UTR-mut, respectively. Cells were collected 48 h later and the luciferase activity was quantified using the Luc-PairTM Duo- Luciferase Assay Kit (Genecopoeia).

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as the mean ± standard and analyzed using GraphPad Prism 7.0 software. All experiments were repeated for at least 3 times. Student’s t-test (two groups) and one-way ANOVA (multiple groups) were conducted to analyze the difference. Spearman’s correlation analysis was performed to determine the correlation between miR-3691-5p and PTEN mRNA expression. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 were taken as indicative of statistically significant difference.

Results

Expression and clinical significance of miR-3691-5p in HCC

Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to detect miR-3691-5p expression in 43 pairs HCC tissues and the adjacent non‑tumor tissues. The results showed a higher expression of miR-3691-5p in HCC tissues than in non‑tumor tissues (P<0.001, Figure 1A). In accordance, higher miR-3691-5p level was observed in HCC cell lines (Hep3B, SMMC-7721, MHCC97-L, MHCC97-H, HCCLM3) compared to the immortalized normal liver cell line (L02) (Figure 1C). TCGA data from starBase v3.0 (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn) showed that the level of miR-3691-5p was significantly lower in normal tissues than in HCC tissues (P=0.018, Figure 1B), and survival analysis showed that patients with high miR-3691-5p expression was correlated with worse overall survival (OS) (P=0.016, Figure 1D). To investigate the correlation between miR-3691-5p level and the clinicopathological features of HCC, patients were divided into miR-3691-5p high or low-group based on median value. Results showed that the high levels of miR-3691-5p were significantly associated with vascular invasion (P=0.016) and advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P=0.016) (Table 1). Collectively, miR-3691-5p is increased in HCC and could be used to predict the outcome of HCC patients.

Figure 1

The expression and prognostic value of miR-3691-5p in HCC.

Notes: (A) The levels of miR-3691-5p in HCC and adjacent normal tissues (n=43); (B) TCGA data from starbase v3.0 (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn) showed that the levels of miR-3691-5p in normal tissues is higher than in HCC tissues (P=0.018); (C) The levels of miR-3691-5p in HCC cell lines and L02 cells; (D) Data from TCGA showed that HCC patients with higher expression of miR-3691-5p had poorer overall survival (P=0.016). Each experiment was performed three times. All data were presented as mean ± SD. Student’s t-test was conducted to analyze the difference. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma, TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; LIHC, liver hepatocellular carcinoma. 

miR-3691-5p promotes HCC cell migration and invasion

To investigate the biological function of miR-3691-5p on the migration and invasion of HCC cells in vitro, we constructed both miR-3691-5p overexpression and knockdown HCC cell lines using miR-3691-5p mimics in Hep3B and inhibitors in HCCLM3 cells, respectively. Transfection efficiency in Hep3B or HCCLM3 cells was confirmed by qPCR (Figure 2A). Results of transwell assay with or without matrigel showed that miR-3691-5p overexpression notably enhanced Hep3B cell migration and invasion, while knockdown of miR-3691-5p significantly inhibited HCCLM3 cell migration and invasion compared with controls (Figure 2B and C). These data suggested that miR-3691-5p promotes HCC cell migration and invasion.

Figure 2

miR-3691-5p is a promotor of HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro.

Notes: (A) The transfection efficiencies of miR-3691-5p mimics and inhibitors in Hep3B or HCCLM3 cell were detected by qPCR. (B and C) Transwell assay of miR-3691-5p-overexpression Hep3B (B) or miR-3691-5p-silencing HCCLM3 (C); scale bars, 100 μm; magnification, 100×. Each experiment was performed three times. All data were presented as mean ± SD. Student’s t-test was conducted to analyze the difference. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001.

PTEN is a direct downstream of miR-3691-5p in HCC

TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org) were used to predict the targets of miR-3691-5p. PTEN was selected for further experimental validation, because the complementary sequence of miR-3691-5p was identified in the 3’UTR of PTEN mRNA (Figure 3A). The result of qPCR showed a lower level of PTEN mRNA in HCC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues (Figure 3B). A statistically significant inverse correlation was revealed by Spearman’s correlation analysis between mRNA levels of miR-3691-5p and PTEN (r=−0.7426, P<0.001) (Figure 3C). Subsequently, qPCR and Western blotting were performed to test the level of PTEN in transfected Hep3B and HCCLM3 cells. The results revealed that miR-3691-5p overexpression decreased mRNA and protein expression of PTEN in Hep3B cells (P<0.05) (Figure 3D and E). In contrast, knockdown of miR-3691-5p dramatically increased the mRNA and protein levels of PTEN in HCCLM3 (P<0.05) (Figure 3D and F). The results of luciferase reporter gene assay showed that miR-3691-5p significantly suppressed luciferase activity of PTEN containing a wild-type 3’UTR but did not suppress activity of PTEN with a mutant 3’UTR (P<0.05) (Figure 3G). Downregulation of miR-3691-5p by anti–miR-3691-5p increased the luciferase activity of PTEN (P<0.05) (Figure 3G). The findings suggested PTEN is a direct target of miR-3691-5p in HCC.

Figure 3

PTEN is a direct target of miR-3691-5p in HCC.

Notes: (A) miR-3691-5p and its putative binding sequence in the 3’UTR of PTEN. The mutant miR-3691-5p binding site was generated in the complementary site for the seed region of miR-3691-5p. (B) The mRNA levels of PTEN in 43 paired HCC and adjacent normal tissues. (C) Spearman’s correlation analysis demonstrated that miR-3691-5p expression level was inversely correlated with PTEN mRNA level in HCC tissues. (D) The mRNA levels of PTEN in overexpression or silencing miR-3691-5p in Hep3B or HCCLM3 cells, respectively. (E and F) The protein levels of PTEN in overexpression or silencing miR-3691-5p in Hep3B or HCCLM3 cells, respectively. (G) miR-3691-5p significantly suppressed the luciferase activity that carried wt but not mt 3’UTR of PTEN. Anti-miR-3691-5p led to a dramatical increase in luciferase activity of wt 3’UTR of PTEN. Each experiment was performed three times. All data were presented as mean ± SD. Student’s t-test was conducted to analyze the difference. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; wt, wild type; mut, mutant type.

PTEN mediates the role of miR-3691-5p in HCC cells

Rescue assays were conducted to illuminate whether PTEN participates in the facilitation of miR-3691-5p on migration and invasion in HCC cells. We increased PTEN expression in miR-3691-5p-overexpressing Hep3B cells (Figure 4A), and results of transwell assays revealed that the abilities of migration and invasion were weakened after PTEN upregulation (P<0.05, Figure 4B). Accordingly, PTEN silence with siRNAs enhanced the abilities of migration and invasion of HCCLM3-anti-miR-3691-5p cells (P<0.05, Figure 4A and C). These data showed that PTEN is a functional downstream mediator of miR-3691-5p in HCC.

Figure 4

PTEN mediates the effects of miR-3691-5p on migration and invasion of HCC cells.

Notes: (A) PTEN expression level in miR-3691-5p-overexpressing Hep3B cells that were transfected with EV or PTEN expression plasmid or miR-3691-5p-silencing HCCLM3 cell that were transfected with control siRNA or PTEN siRNA. (B) The results of transwell assays revealed that the abilities of miR-3691-5p-overexpressing Hep3B cells migration and invasion were weakened after PTEN upregulation. (C) The results of transwell assays revealed that PTEN silence with siRNAs enhanced the abilities of migration and invasion of HCCLM3-anti-miR-3691-5p cells. Each experiment was performed three times. All data were presented as mean ± SD. Student’s t-test was conducted to analyze the difference. *P<0.05.

Abbreviation: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.

PI3K/Akt pathway is essential for the biological function of miR-3691-5p in HCC

Given that PTEN was a major negative regulator of PI3K/Akt pathway, we further investigated whether miR-3691-5p could altered the activity of PI3K/Akt pathway in HCC cells. Results of Western blotting revealed that miR-3691-5p mimics increased the expression of p-Akt in Hep3B cell and miR-3691-5p inhibitors decreased the expression of p-Akt in HCCLM3 (P<0.05, Figure 5A and B). To investigate whether PI3K/Akt pathway mediates the effects of miR-3691-5p on migration and invasion of HCC cells, MK2206 (an Akt inhibitor) was used to block Akt activation in Hep3B cells with miR-3691-5p overexpression (P<0.05, Figure 5C). Functional experiments revealed that inactivation of Akt inhibited miR-3691-5p-overexpressing Hep3B cells migration and invasion (P<0.05, Figure 5D). These results demonstrated that PI3K/ Akt signaling exerts an essential function during miR-3691-5p-induced HCC cell migration and invasion (Figure 6).

Figure 5

PI3K/Akt pathway is essential for the biological function of miR-3691-5p in HCC.

Notes: (A and B) Western blot analysis indicated that miR-3691-5p mimics increased the level of p-Akt in Hep3B cells. And miR-3691-5p inhibitors decreased the level of p-Akt in HCCLM3 cells. (C). The levels of p-Akt, Akt in miR-3691-5p-overexpressing Hep3B cells treated with MK2206 (an Akt inhibitor) and DMSO. (D) The results of transwell assay revealed that inactivation of Akt inhibited miR-3691-5p-overexpressing Hep3B cells migration and invasion. Each experiment was performed three times. All data were presented as mean ± SD. Student’s t-test was conducted to analyze the difference. *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

Figure 6

Abridged general view for the interplay among miR-3691-5p/PTEN/Akt pathway.

Note: In the regulatory network, miR-3691-5p activates Akt by targeting PTEN, thus promoting HCC cell migration and invasion (→ activation; ┤ inhibition).

Abbreviation: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.

Discussion

In the recent years, increasing evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs, as non-coding RNAs, plays a vital role in the regulation of HCC progression.28–30 For example, dysregulation of miRNAs promotes the growth31,32 and metastasis33,34 of HCC cells. Hence, identification of HCC specific miRNAs and their targets are critical for understanding their role in HCC progression and may be important for defining novel therapeutic targets. To our knowledge, the study is the first time to investigate the relationship between miR-3691-5p and HCC. In this study, we revealed that miR-3691-5p was upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines, which was significantly correlated with poor prognosis and clinic pathological features including TNM stage and vascular invasion. Our results demonstrated that miR-3691-5p promoted HCC cell migration and invasion by gain and loss of function experiments. In conclusion, we demonstrated that miR-3691-5p functions as an oncogene in HCC.

Ample evidence has shown that a variety of different miRNAs have been linked to PTEN regulation in human cancers including miR-19a in leukaemia,24 miR-22 in prostate25 and miR-26a in high-grade glioma26 and miR-21 in HCC.27 However, the relationship between PTEN and miR-3691-5p has not been investigated in HCC. Here, we provided sufficient evidence that PTEN is a direct function target of miR-3691-5p in HCC. First, the level of miR-3691-5p was inversely correlated with the expression of PTEN in HCC tissues. Second, miR-3691-5p negatively modulated PTEN expression in HCC cells at the mRNA and protein levels. Third, miR-3691-5p affected the luciferase activity of wt-3’UTR but not of the mut-3’UTR of PTEN. Finally, recuse assays showed that restoration of PTEN reverses the effects of miR-3691-5p on HCC cell migration and invasion through decreasing PI3K/Akt signaling. These results suggested that PTEN is a direct function target of miR-3691-5p, and mediates the role of miR-3691-5p in HCC cells.

In this study, we found that miR-3691-5p was significantly elevated in HCC tissues and cell lines, and correlated with poor prognosis and clinic pathological features, which promotes HCC cell migration and invasion through activating PI3K/Akt signaling by targeting PTEN. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that miR-3691-5p functions as an oncogene in HCC