Optimizing symptom control in children and adolescents with cancer.

There is growing recognition of the degree to which symptoms negatively impact on children receiving cancer treatments. A recent study described that almost all inpatient pediatric oncology patients are experiencing at least one bothersome symptom and almost 60% are experiencing at least one severely bothersome symptom. Poor symptom control occurs because of challenges with communication of bothersome symptoms to clinicians, lack of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for most of these symptoms, and failure to administer preventative and therapeutic interventions known to be effective for symptom control. This article reviews approaches used to improve symptom control for children receiving cancer treatments. Areas addressed include systematic symptom screening and creation of CPGs for symptom management. Challenges with electronic health integration are also addressed. Several multi-symptom assessment scales have been developed but none have yet been used to directly influence patient management. The number of CPGs applicable to symptom control in pediatric oncology is increasing but remains small. Improving the creation of and adherence to CPGs for symptom management is an important priority. Finally, identifying ways that symptom management systems can be integrated into clinical work flows is essential; these will likely need to focus on electronic health records.