Morusin alleviates mycoplasma pneumonia via the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling.

Morusin has been traditionally used for the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP), but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The present study aimed to explore the mechanism by which morusin achieves efficacy on mycoplasma pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumonia model was established in BALB/c mouse and the effects of morusin were evaluated in the model. Compared with the model group, DNA amount of M. pneumoniae decreased by 24.6 ± 3.14% and 47.6 ± 6.78% in low morusin (20 mg/kg) and high morusin (50 mg/kg) groups, respectively (P<0.05). Moreover, morusin treatment led to decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α and increased level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in mice lung tissue. Furthermore, morusin treatment inhibited the activation of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways in mice lung tissue. Taken together, our results suggest that morusin relieves mycoplasma pneumonia via the inhibition of the activation of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways, and is a potential natural agent for the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia.

Introduction

Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a common type of acquired pneumonia caused by M. pneumonia infection and is one of three most serious pediatric diseases worldwide [1]. Recently, M. pneumoniae became more resistant to the antibiotics, resulting in increased incidence of MPP and making the disease hard to cure and easy to recur. Furthermore, MPP could cause severe complications, such as asthma and pulmonary fibrosis, and the patients with MPP require intense care [2]. Therefore, it is urgent to develop effective treatments for MPP.

Cortex Mori (CM), the root bark of Morus alba L., is a commonly used drug in Chinese medicine. Several compounds have been isolated from CM including polyhydroxylated alkaloids, flavonoids, and stilbenoids [3,4]. Morusin is one of the major active substances isolated from CM that exhibits anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and anti-fungal activities [5,6]. Morusin has been traditionally used for the treatment of MPP, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Morusin has been reported to induce apoptosis and inhibit NF-κB signaling in human cervical, liver, and colorectal carcinoma cells [7,8]. Therefore, we hypothesized that morusin may exhibit efficacy on MPP via inhibiting NF-κB signaling. The present study aimed to test this hypothesis. We established M. pneumoniae infected BALB/c mouse model of MPP, evaluated protective effects of morusin on MPP, and investigated the underlying mechanism.

Methods

Animals

The present study was approved by Fujian Medical University Committee of Animal Care and Use and performed at Fujian Medical University Lab Animal Center. BALB/c mice (3-week old, 15 ± 1 g weight) were purchased from Fujian Medical University Lab Animal Center (Fuzhou, China) and kept in specific pathogen free (SPF) environment with free access to food and water. All mice were divided randomly into five groups (n=5) as control, model, azithromycin (AZM), low morusin (20 mg/kg), and high morusin (50 mg/kg). Morusin was isolated from the chloroform extract of M. alba root bark as described previously [9]. Mice in control group were treated with 100 μl normal saline by nasal drops, while mice in other groups were given nasal drops containing 100 μl M. pneumoniae suspension (1 × 107 cu/ml) for 3 days. In addition, AZM, morusin (20 mg/kg), and morusin (50 mg/kg) groups were given 46.25 mg/g AZM (Pfizer, New York, U.S.A.), 20 mg/kg morusin, and 50 mg/kg morusin by gavage once at 10 am each day for 7 consecutive days, respectively. On day 7, all five mice in each group were killed by ether anesthesia for lung index calculation. Then, the lungs were harvested and dissected for further analysis.

Histological analysis

Inferior lobe of the right lung was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded with paraffin, and cut into series of sections. The sections were hydrated with xylene and alcohol, and then stained by hematoxylin and eosin (HE). The sections were then washed thoroughly and mounted for observation under optical microscope

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Lung tissues were harvested, homogenized, and resuspended in DNA extract buffer and boiled for 10 min, the mixture was then centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 min at 4°C. The supernatant was taken as the template for PCR using primers against 16S-rRNA (upstream 5′-GAATCAAAGTTGAAAGGACCTGC-3′ and downstream 5′-CTCTAGCCATTACCTGCTAAAGTC-3′, product size 266 bp) with the following conditions: initial denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, and 55°C for 1 min. The results were shown as Log (MP-NDA+1).

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Lung tissues were harvested, homogenized, and levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in lung tissues were measured using enzyme immunoassay kits (R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A.) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Western blot analysis

Lung tissues were harvested and washed twice with PBS and lysed in ice-cold radio immunoprecipitation assay buffer (RIPA, Beyotime, Shanghai, China) supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Tissue lysates were centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant (20–30 μg of protein) was run on 10% SDS–PAGE gel and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore, Bredford, U.S.A.). The membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk, followed by incubation with primary antibodies against NF-κB, β-catenin, β-actin, and H3 (all from Santa Cruz Biotech, Santa Cruz, CA, U.S.A.) at 4°C overnight. The membranes were then washed with tris buffered saline with Tween 20 (TBST) and incubated with horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibodies (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) at 37°C for 1 h. The membranes were then washed with TBST and visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL, Millipore).

Statistical analysis

Data were presented as mean ± SD and analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software. Data for multiple comparisons were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Morusin relieved M. pneumoniae induced inflammatory damage of lung tissues

HE staining of mice lung tissues showed that lung structure was normal without any obvious lesion in bronchial tube pulmonary alveo in control mice (Figure 1A). In M. pneumoniae infected mice, the alveolar walls were thickened, and narrowed bronchial tubes as well as capillary blood congestion, were observed (Figure 1B). In AZM and morusin-treated mice, no obvious inflammation infiltration was observed in the bronchus. Only a small amount of blood vessels exhibited mild expansion hyperemia and few bronchial tubes were narrowed (Figure 1C–E). These observations indicate that morusin could relieve inflammatory lung tissue damage after M. pneumoniae infection.

Figure 1

Histological analysis of mouse lung tissues in each group

HE staining. Scale bar: 20 μm.

Morusin reduced M. pneumoniae load in infected mice

Next we determined DNA amount of M. pneumoniae in the five groups of mice. PCR analysis showed that DNA amount of M. pneumoniae in model mice was the highest among all groups. Compared with the model mice, DNA amount of M. pneumoniae decreased by 32.7 ± 4.89%, 24.6 ± 3.14%, and 47.6 ± 6.78% in AZM, morusin (20 mg/kg), and morusin (50 mg/kg) groups, respectively (Figure 2, P<0.05).

Figure 2

DNA amount of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in mouse lung tissues in each group

DNA amount of M. pneumoniae was measured by PCR. Data were presented as mean ± SD, compared with model group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; n = 5.

Morusin inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production in M. pneumoniae-infected mice

Inflammatory cytokines play an important role in inflammatory response. We wondered whether morusin could regulate cytokine levels such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α after M. pneumoniae infection. ELISA assay showed that IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels in mice lung tissues significantly increased in the model mice compared with control mice, but reduced to normal levels after AZM or morusin treatment (Figure 3A–C, P<0.05). On the other hand, the level of IL-10 significantly decreased in M. pneumonia-infected mice lung tissues (P<0.05), which was partially restored by AZM or morusin treatment (Figure 3D).

Figure 3

Effects of morusin on cytokine levels in mouse lung tissues in each group

M. pneumoniae-induced mice were treated with AZM and morusin (20, 50 mg/kg), levels of IL-6 (A), IL-1β (B), TNF-α (C), and IL-10 (D) were determined by ELISA. Data were presented as mean ± SD, compared with control group, ##P<0.01; compared with model group, *P<0.05, **P<0.01; n=5.

Morusin inhibited Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling

Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling pathways play a critical role in the regulation of inflammatory response [10,11]. Therefore, we examined the effects of morusin on β-catenin and NF-κB p65 levels. Western blot analysis showed that the levels of β-catenin and NF-κB p65 increased significantly in the model mice compared with control mice (Figure 4A–D, P<0.05). However, AZM or morusin treatment significantly decreased the levels of β-catenin and NF-κB p65 in mice lung tissue compared with model mice (P<0.05).

Figure 4

Effects of morusin on β-catenin and NF-κB p65 level in mouse lung tissues in each group

β-catenin (A,B) and NF-κB p65 (C,D) were detected by Western blot analysis. β-actin and H3 were used as loading control. Data were presented as mean ± SD, compared with control group, ##P<0.01; compared with model group, **P<0.01; n=5.

Discussion

With the increasing morbidity of MPP and the resistance to macrolides antibiotics [12], the incidences of severe MPP and extrapulmonary complications have increased substantially. MPP and the extrapulmonary complications result in multiple organ failure and even death. In the present study, we demonstrated the efficacy of morusin in M. pneumoniae-infected BALB/c mice.

We found that treatment with AZM and morusin significantly alleviated inflammatory response in M. pneumoniae-infected mice. IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 are important cytokines involved in regulating inflammatory response. IL-6 is generated in Th2 cells, fibroblast cells and macrophages, and is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine to promote inflammatory response. IL-6 level was increased in children infected with community-acquired pneumonia [13]. TNF-α and IL-1β are released in the early stage of inflammatory response, and they increase the permeability of vascular endothelial cells and promote the synthesis and release of other cytokines [14]. IL-10 is synthesized in Th2 cell and mononuclear macrophage, and inhibits the generation and release of IL-2 and IFN-γ by Th1 cells to suppress immune response. Our study showed that morusin treatment could reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β while increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 [15].

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is implicated in a variety of diseases including cancer and inflammation [16,17]. Previous studies reported that NF-κB pathway plays a crucial role in regulating inflammation response in the lung tissues [18,19]. Cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-6 can induce NF-κB overexpression [20]. In the present study, we found that morusin significantly inhibited the expression of β-catenin and NF-κB p65, which is the active form of NF-κB. Notably, it was recently reported that morusin inhibited RANTES/CCL5 and TARC/CCL17 secretion via the suppression of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation in TNF-α and IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes [21]. Therefore, Morusin may serve as a potential anti-inflammatory agent by acting as an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways. Further studies are needed to investigate how morusin modulates NF-κB p65 phosphorylation.

In summary, our results suggest that morusin is a natural product that effectively relieves M. pneumoniae-induced inflammation in mice lung tissue, decrease M. pneumonia load, inhibit the generation of inflammatory cytokine, and suppress the activation of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways. Morusin is a potentially new natural agent for the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia.