Signe A Winther1,2, Jens C Øllgaard3, Nete Tofte3, Lise Tarnow4, Zeneng Wang5, Tarunveer S Ahluwalia3, Anders Jorsal6, Simone Theilade3, Hans-Henrik Parving7, Tine W Hansen3, Stanley L Hazen5, Oluf Pedersen8, Peter Rossing3,9. 1. Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark signe.abitz.winther@regionh.dk. 2. Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark. 3. Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark. 4. Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Holbaek, Denmark. 5. Lerner Research Institute and Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. 6. Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. 7. Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 8. Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 9. University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is suggested as an independent gut microbiota-derived risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. We investigated associations between plasma TMAO concentrations and cardio-renal outcomes in a prospective study of individuals with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma TMAO was measured at baseline in 1,159 individuals with type 1 diabetes (58% male, mean ± SD age 46 ± 13 years). End points were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and renal events tracked from national registries. Associations between TMAO and end points were tested using Cox regression models. RESULTS: After 15.0 (6.7-19.3) (median [interquartile range]) years of follow-up, we recorded all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (n = 363 and 120, respectively), combined CVD (n = 406), coronary outcome (myocardial infarction and coronary intervention) (n = 163), stroke (n = 115), hospitalization for heart failure (n = 81), and end-stage renal disease (n = 144). In univariate analyses, higher TMAO concentrations were associated with all end points (P ≤ 0.005). Except for stroke and heart failure, all end points remained significantly associated with higher TMAO concentrations after adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors (P ≤ 0.003). After further adjustment for baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), results became insignificant for all end points. TMAO was inversely associated with baseline eGFR (R 2 = 0.29; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with type 1 diabetes, higher concentrations of plasma TMAO were associated with mortality, CVD events, and poor renal outcome, independent of conventional risk factors. However, the association became insignificant after further adjustment for baseline eGFR. This could reflect TMAO as a renal function marker or a risk factor for micro- and macrovascular complications mediated through impaired renal function.
OBJECTIVE: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is suggested as an independent gut microbiota-derived risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. We investigated associations between plasma TMAO concentrations and cardio-renal outcomes in a prospective study of individuals with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma TMAO was measured at baseline in 1,159 individuals with type 1 diabetes (58% male, mean ± SD age 46 ± 13 years). End points were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and renal events tracked from national registries. Associations between TMAO and end points were tested using Cox regression models. RESULTS: After 15.0 (6.7-19.3) (median [interquartile range]) years of follow-up, we recorded all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (n = 363 and 120, respectively), combined CVD (n = 406), coronary outcome (myocardial infarction and coronary intervention) (n = 163), stroke (n = 115), hospitalization for heart failure (n = 81), and end-stage renal disease (n = 144). In univariate analyses, higher TMAO concentrations were associated with all end points (P ≤ 0.005). Except for stroke and heart failure, all end points remained significantly associated with higher TMAO concentrations after adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors (P ≤ 0.003). After further adjustment for baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), results became insignificant for all end points. TMAO was inversely associated with baseline eGFR (R 2 = 0.29; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with type 1 diabetes, higher concentrations of plasma TMAO were associated with mortality, CVD events, and poor renal outcome, independent of conventional risk factors. However, the association became insignificant after further adjustment for baseline eGFR. This could reflect TMAO as a renal function marker or a risk factor for micro- and macrovascular complications mediated through impaired renal function.
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