Symbolic labeling in 5-month-old human infants.

Humans' ability to create and manipulate symbolic structures far exceeds that of other animals. We hypothesized that this ability rests on an early capacity to use arbitrary signs to represent any mental representation, even as abstract as an algebraic rule. In three experiments, we collected high-density EEG recordings while 150 5-month-old infants were presented with speech triplets characterized by their abstract syllabic structure-the location of syllable repetition-which predicted a following arbitrary label (e.g., ABA words were followed by a fish picture, AAB words by a lion). After a brief learning phase, EEG responses to novel words revealed that infants built expectations about the upcoming label based on the triplet structure and were surprised when it happened to be incongruent. Preverbal infants were thus able to recode the incoming triplets into abstract mental variables to which arbitrary labels were flexibly assigned. Importantly, infants also generalized to novel trials in which the pairing order was reversed (with the label preceding the auditory structure). Beyond conditioned associations, infants instantly inferred a bidirectional mapping between the abstract structures and the following label, a foundational operation for any symbolic system.