Kathrin Zürcher1, Marie Ballif2, Lukas Fenner2, Sonia Borrell3, Peter M Keller4, Joachim Gnokoro5, Olivier Marcy6, Marcel Yotebieng7, Lameck Diero8, E Jane Carter8, Neesha Rockwood9, Robert J Wilkinson10, Helen Cox11, Nicholas Ezati12, Alash'le G Abimiku13, Jimena Collantes14, Anchalee Avihingsanon15, Kamon Kawkitinarong16, Miriam Reinhard3, Rico Hömke4, Robin Huebner17, Sebastien Gagneux3, Erik C Böttger4, Matthias Egger18. 1. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 2. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 3. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 4. Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland. 5. Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. 6. Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm U1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. 7. Ohio State University, College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA. 8. Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya. 9. Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. 10. Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. 11. Division of Medical Microbiology and the Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 12. Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria; National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Training Center, Saye, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. 13. Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria. 14. Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. 15. HIV-NAT/Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand. 16. HIV-NAT/Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand; Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. 17. National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. 18. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: matthias.egger@ispm.unibe.ch.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Drug resistance is a challenge for the global control of tuberculosis. We examined mortality in patients with tuberculosis from high-burden countries, according to concordance or discordance of results from drug susceptibility testing done locally and in a reference laboratory. METHODS: This multicentre cohort study was done in Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Peru, and Thailand. We collected Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and clinical data from adult patients aged 16 years or older. Patients were stratified by HIV status and tuberculosis drug resistance. Molecular or phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was done locally and at the Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland. We examined mortality during treatment according to drug susceptibility test results and treatment adequacy in multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for sex, age, sputum microscopy, and HIV status. FINDINGS: We obtained M tuberculosis isolates from 871 patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2016. After exclusion of 237 patients, 634 patients with tuberculosis were included in this analysis; the median age was 33·2 years (IQR 26·9-42·5), 239 (38%) were women, 272 (43%) were HIV-positive, and 69 (11%) patients died. Based on the reference laboratory drug susceptibility test, 394 (62%) strains were pan-susceptible, 45 (7%) monoresistant, 163 (26%) multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 30 (5%) had pre-extensively or extensively drug resistant (pre-XDR or XDR) tuberculosis. Results of reference and local laboratories were concordant for 513 (81%) of 634 patients and discordant for 121 (19%) of 634. Overall, sensitivity to detect any resistance was 90·8% (95% CI 86·5-94·2) and specificity 84·3% (80·3-87·7). Mortality ranged from 6% (20 of 336) in patients with pan-susceptible tuberculosis treated according to WHO guidelines to 57% (eight of 14) in patients with resistant strains who were under-treated. In logistic regression models, compared with concordant drug susceptibility test results, the adjusted odds ratio of death was 7·33 (95% CI 2·70-19·95) for patients with discordant results potentially leading to under-treatment. INTERPRETATION: Inaccurate drug susceptibility testing by comparison with a reference standard leads to under-treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis and increased mortality. Rapid molecular drug susceptibility test of first-line and second-line drugs at diagnosis is required to improve outcomes in patients with MDR tuberculosis and pre-XDR or XDR tuberculosis. FUNDING: National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria.
BACKGROUND: Drug resistance is a challenge for the global control of tuberculosis. We examined mortality in patients with tuberculosis from high-burden countries, according to concordance or discordance of results from drug susceptibility testing done locally and in a reference laboratory. METHODS: This multicentre cohort study was done in Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Peru, and Thailand. We collected Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and clinical data from adult patients aged 16 years or older. Patients were stratified by HIV status and tuberculosis drug resistance. Molecular or phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was done locally and at the Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland. We examined mortality during treatment according to drug susceptibility test results and treatment adequacy in multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for sex, age, sputum microscopy, and HIV status. FINDINGS: We obtained M tuberculosis isolates from 871 patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2016. After exclusion of 237 patients, 634 patients with tuberculosis were included in this analysis; the median age was 33·2 years (IQR 26·9-42·5), 239 (38%) were women, 272 (43%) were HIV-positive, and 69 (11%) patients died. Based on the reference laboratory drug susceptibility test, 394 (62%) strains were pan-susceptible, 45 (7%) monoresistant, 163 (26%) multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 30 (5%) had pre-extensively or extensively drug resistant (pre-XDR or XDR) tuberculosis. Results of reference and local laboratories were concordant for 513 (81%) of 634 patients and discordant for 121 (19%) of 634. Overall, sensitivity to detect any resistance was 90·8% (95% CI 86·5-94·2) and specificity 84·3% (80·3-87·7). Mortality ranged from 6% (20 of 336) in patients with pan-susceptible tuberculosis treated according to WHO guidelines to 57% (eight of 14) in patients with resistant strains who were under-treated. In logistic regression models, compared with concordant drug susceptibility test results, the adjusted odds ratio of death was 7·33 (95% CI 2·70-19·95) for patients with discordant results potentially leading to under-treatment. INTERPRETATION: Inaccurate drug susceptibility testing by comparison with a reference standard leads to under-treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis and increased mortality. Rapid molecular drug susceptibility test of first-line and second-line drugs at diagnosis is required to improve outcomes in patients with MDR tuberculosis and pre-XDR or XDRtuberculosis. FUNDING: National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria.
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