PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Our objective is to present an overview of epidemiologic, clinical, and molecular risk factors with a focus on contemporary literature. RECENT FINDINGS: Penile cancer is a rare and aggressive neoplasm that accounts for less than 1% of male malignancies in the United States. Geographical disparities in incidence of disease are evident with high rates concentrated in the developing world (2.8-6.8 per 100 000) where neonatal circumcision is low and socioeconomic conditions predispose patients to multiple risk factors. Western countries have a significantly lower incidence and can be as low as 0.3 per 100 000. Many risk factors have been identified including lack of circumcision, phimosis, balanitis, obesity, lichen sclerosus, smoking, and psoralen UV-A phototherapy. In addition, human papilloma virus (HPV) has been linked to nearly 40% of cases and molecular mediators continue to be investigated. SUMMARY: Although Penile cancer can be a debilitating disease, several of the known risk factors are modifiable. Public health campaigns aimed to increase awareness, promote better hygiene, and deploy HPV vaccines have had varied success at decreasing disease burden. Focus should be placed on implementing such interventions in developing countries and at-risk populations.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Our objective is to present an overview of epidemiologic, clinical, and molecular risk factors with a focus on contemporary literature. RECENT FINDINGS:Penile cancer is a rare and aggressive neoplasm that accounts for less than 1% of male malignancies in the United States. Geographical disparities in incidence of disease are evident with high rates concentrated in the developing world (2.8-6.8 per 100 000) where neonatal circumcision is low and socioeconomic conditions predispose patients to multiple risk factors. Western countries have a significantly lower incidence and can be as low as 0.3 per 100 000. Many risk factors have been identified including lack of circumcision, phimosis, balanitis, obesity, lichen sclerosus, smoking, and psoralen UV-A phototherapy. In addition, human papilloma virus (HPV) has been linked to nearly 40% of cases and molecular mediators continue to be investigated. SUMMARY: Although Penile cancer can be a debilitating disease, several of the known risk factors are modifiable. Public health campaigns aimed to increase awareness, promote better hygiene, and deploy HPV vaccines have had varied success at decreasing disease burden. Focus should be placed on implementing such interventions in developing countries and at-risk populations.
Authors: Cristian Axel Hernández-Gaytán; Francisco Rodríguez-Covarrubias; Ricardo A Castillejos-Molina; Andrés Hernández-Porras; Ignacio Tobia; Justin M Dubin; Ana María Autrán-Gómez Journal: Curr Urol Rep Date: 2021-12-16 Impact factor: 3.092
Authors: Danyon Anderson; Abrahim N Razzak; Matthew McDonald; David Cao; Jamal Hasoon; Omar Viswanath; Alan D Kaye; Ivan Urits Journal: Health Psychol Res Date: 2022-08-20
Authors: Stefano Tappero; Mattia Piccinelli; Francesco Barletta; Andrea Panunzio; Cristina Cano Garcia; Reha-Baris Incesu; Zhe Tian; Stefano Parodi; Paolo Dell'Oglio; Ottavio De Cobelli; Alberto Briganti; Alessandro Antonelli; Felix K H Chun; Markus Graefen; Fred Saad; Shahrokh F Shariat; Nazareno R Suardi; Marco Borghesi; Carlo Terrone; Pierre I Karakiewicz Journal: World J Urol Date: 2022-10-14 Impact factor: 3.661
Authors: Silvia Regina Rogatto; Igor Tsaur; Anita Thomas; Luisa Matos do Canto Alvim; Claudia Aparecida Rainho; Eva Juengel; Roman Alexander Blaheta; Philippe E Spiess Journal: Transl Androl Urol Date: 2021-10
Authors: Sally W Vernon; Lara S Savas; Ross Shegog; C Mary Healy; Erica L Frost; Sharon P Coan; Efrat K Gabay; Sharice M Preston; Claire A Crawford; Stanley W Spinner; Matthew A Wilber Journal: J Appl Res Child Date: 2019