Commentary: Perspectives on aquaculture, urbanization and water quality.

Aquaculture presents essential opportunities to meet global food security needs, but adverse effects of aquaculture practices on ecological integrity and influences of existing waste management infrastructure on product safety must be understood in rapidly expanding urban and peri-urban regions. Concentration of, access to and use of chemical products is increasing in many urban areas faster than interventions are being implemented. Aquaculture farming is employing "non-traditional" (e.g., treated or untreated sewage) waters in some regions, but the spatial extent of these intentional or de facto water reuse practices with associated water quality and food safety systems are poorly understood around the world. Integrative water reuse, aquaculture product safety, ecological and public health research and advanced surveillance systems are needed. Such efforts appear particularly important because noncommunicable diseases are increasing and pollution is now recognized as one of the major global health threats, particularly in lower and middle income countries. Here we provide some modest perspectives and identify several research needs to support more sustainable aquaculture practices while protecting public health and the environment.