BACKGROUND: Rectal neuroendocrine tumors are often found incidentally. Local excision alone has been advocated for lesions ≤2 cm; however, the evidence base for this approach is limited. OBJECTIVE: Associations among tumor size, degree of differentiation, and presence of distant metastatic disease were examined. DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study. SETTINGS: This study was conducted using a nationwide cohort. PATIENTS: A total of 4893 patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors were identified in the National Cancer Database (2006-2015). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associations among tumor size, degree of differentiation, and presence of regional and distant metastatic disease. Cut point analysis was performed to identify an optimal size threshold predictive of distant metastatic disease. RESULTS: Of patients included for analysis, 3880 (79.3%) had well-differentiated tumors, 540 (11.0%) had moderately differentiated tumors, and 473 (9.7%) had poorly differentiated tumors. On logistic regression, increasing size was associated with a higher likelihood of pathologically confirmed lymph node involvement (among patients undergoing proctectomy), and both size and degree of differentiation were independently associated with a higher likelihood of distant metastatic disease. The association between tumor size and distant metastatic disease was stronger for well-differentiated and moderately differentiated tumors (OR = 1.4; p < 0.001 for both) than for poorly differentiated tumors (OR = 1.1; p = 0.010). For well-differentiated tumors, the optimal cut point for the presence of distant metastatic disease was 1.15 cm (area under the curve = 0.88; 88% sensitive and 88% specific). Tumors ≥1.15 cm in diameter were associated with a substantially increased incidence of distant metastatic disease (72/449 (13.8%)). For moderately differentiated tumors, the optimal cut point was also 1.15 cm (area under the curve = 0.87, 100% sensitive and 75% specific). LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by its retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor size and degree of differentiation are predictive of regional and distant metastatic disease in rectal neuroendocrine tumors. Patients with tumors >1.15 cm are at substantial risk of distant metastasis and should be staged and managed accordingly. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A778.
BACKGROUND:Rectal neuroendocrine tumors are often found incidentally. Local excision alone has been advocated for lesions ≤2 cm; however, the evidence base for this approach is limited. OBJECTIVE: Associations among tumor size, degree of differentiation, and presence of distant metastatic disease were examined. DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study. SETTINGS: This study was conducted using a nationwide cohort. PATIENTS: A total of 4893 patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors were identified in the National Cancer Database (2006-2015). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associations among tumor size, degree of differentiation, and presence of regional and distant metastatic disease. Cut point analysis was performed to identify an optimal size threshold predictive of distant metastatic disease. RESULTS: Of patients included for analysis, 3880 (79.3%) had well-differentiated tumors, 540 (11.0%) had moderately differentiated tumors, and 473 (9.7%) had poorly differentiated tumors. On logistic regression, increasing size was associated with a higher likelihood of pathologically confirmed lymph node involvement (among patients undergoing proctectomy), and both size and degree of differentiation were independently associated with a higher likelihood of distant metastatic disease. The association between tumor size and distant metastatic disease was stronger for well-differentiated and moderately differentiated tumors (OR = 1.4; p < 0.001 for both) than for poorly differentiated tumors (OR = 1.1; p = 0.010). For well-differentiated tumors, the optimal cut point for the presence of distant metastatic disease was 1.15 cm (area under the curve = 0.88; 88% sensitive and 88% specific). Tumors ≥1.15 cm in diameter were associated with a substantially increased incidence of distant metastatic disease (72/449 (13.8%)). For moderately differentiated tumors, the optimal cut point was also 1.15 cm (area under the curve = 0.87, 100% sensitive and 75% specific). LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by its retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS:Tumor size and degree of differentiation are predictive of regional and distant metastatic disease in rectal neuroendocrine tumors. Patients with tumors >1.15 cm are at substantial risk of distant metastasis and should be staged and managed accordingly. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A778.
Authors: Adriana C Gamboa; Yuan Liu; Rachel M Lee; Mohammad Y Zaidi; Charles A Staley; Maria C Russell; Kenneth Cardona; Patrick S Sullivan; Shishir K Maithel Journal: J Surg Oncol Date: 2019-08-26 Impact factor: 3.454
Authors: Ankie Reumkens; Prapto Sastrowijoto; Heike I Grabsch; Danny Goudkade; Chantal le Clercq; Minke Bakker; Eric Keulen; Rogier de Ridder; Wouter W de Herder; Bjorn Winkens; Silvia Sanduleanu; Judith de Vos-Geelen; Ad Masclee Journal: Endosc Int Open Date: 2022-07-15
Authors: Beiqun Zhao; Hannah M Hollandsworth; Nicole E Lopez; Lisa A Parry; Benjamin Abbadessa; Bard C Cosman; Sonia L Ramamoorthy; Samuel Eisenstein Journal: J Gastrointest Surg Date: 2020-02-03 Impact factor: 3.452
Authors: Juliana Silveira Lima de Castro; Evandra Cristina Vieira da Rocha; Vanessa Assis do Vale; Paula Mendonça; Oswaldo Wiliam Marques; Eloy Taglieri; Francisco Susumu Correa Koyama; Celso Augusto Milani Cardoso Filho; Wilson Toshihiko Nakagawa Journal: Turk J Gastroenterol Date: 2021-08 Impact factor: 1.852
Authors: Angela Dalia Ricci; Sara Pusceddu; Francesco Panzuto; Fabio Gelsomino; Sara Massironi; Claudio Giovanni De Angelis; Roberta Modica; Gianluca Ricco; Martina Torchio; Maria Rinzivillo; Natalie Prinzi; Felice Rizzi; Giuseppe Lamberti; Davide Campana Journal: J Clin Med Date: 2022-01-28 Impact factor: 4.241
Authors: Camilla Gallo; Roberta Elisa Rossi; Federica Cavalcoli; Federico Barbaro; Ivo Boškoski; Pietro Invernizzi; Sara Massironi Journal: World J Gastroenterol Date: 2022-03-21 Impact factor: 5.742