| Literature DB >> 30309425 |
Hui Li1, Gening Jiang2.
Abstract
Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2018 PMID: 30309425 PMCID: PMC6189026 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.10.03
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi ISSN: 1009-3419
VTE独立危险因素[
Independent risk factors of VTE[
| Characteristic | Odds ratio | 95%CI | |
| VTE: venous thromboembolism. | |||
| Patient age | 1.24 | 0.88-1.73 | 0.215, 7 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.08 | 1.05-1.11 | < 0.000, 1 |
| Major surgery | 18.95 | 9.22-38.97 | < 0.000, 1 |
| Hospitalization for acute medical illness | 5.07 | 3.12-8.23 | < 0.000, 1 |
| Trauma/fracture | 4.56 | 2.46-8.46 | < 0.000, 1 |
| Active cancer | 14.64 | 7.73-27.73 | < 0.000, 1 |
| Neurologic Disease with leg paresis | 6.10 | 1.97-18.89 | 0.001, 7 |
| Varicose veins | 1.22 | 0.89-1.68 | 0.223, 9 |
改良Caprini量表(VTE风险评分)
Modified Caprini risk assessement model
| Caprini risk factor | Caprini score |
| Age 40-59 (yr) | 1 |
| Abnormal pulmonary function | 1 |
| Acute myocardial infarction (< 1 mo) | 1 |
| Body mass index ≥30 (kg/m2) | 1 |
| Congestive heart failure (< 1 mo) | 1 |
| History of inflammatory bowel disease | 1 |
| History of prior major surgery (< 1 mo) | 1 |
| Complications of pregnancy | 1 |
| Oral contraceptive use or HRT | 1 |
| Sepsis (< 1 mo) | 1 |
| Serious acute lung disease (< 1 mo) | 1 |
| Swollen legs (current) | 1 |
| Varicose veins | 1 |
| Age 60-74 (yr) | 2 |
| Central venous access | 2 |
| Confined to bed (> 72 h) | 2 |
| Major open surgery (≥45 min) | 2 |
| Present cancer | 2 |
| Prior cancer, except nonmelanoma skin | 2 |
| Age ≥75 (yr) | 3 |
| History of VTE | 3 |
| Family history of VTE | 3 |
| Chemotherapy | 3 |
| Positive anticardiolipin antibody | 3 |
| Positive Lupus anticoagulant | 3 |
| cAcute spinal cord injury (< 1 mo) | 5 |
| Major surgery ≥6 h | 5 |
Wells-DVT评估量表
Revised Wells score creteria for assessment of suspected DVT
| Creteria | Score (point) |
| Interpretation: for dichotomized evaluation (like | |
| Active cancer (treatment ongoing or within the last 6 months or palliative) | 1 |
| Calf swelling > 3 cm compared to the other calf (measured 10 cm below the tibial tuberosity) | 1 |
| Collateral superficial veins (non-varicose) | 1 |
| Pitting edemas (greaterin the symptomatic leg) | 1 |
| Swelling of the entire leg | 1 |
| Localized tenderness along the distribution of the deep venous system | 1 |
| Paralysis, paresis, or recent plaster cast immobilization of the lower extremities | 1 |
| Recenly bedridden > 3 d, or major sugery in the previous 4 wk | 1 |
| Previously documented deep vein thrombosis | 1 |
| Alternative diagnosis to DVT as likely or more likely | -2 |
简化Wells-PE评分量表[
Modified Wells-PE score[
| Clinical feature | Score (point) |
| Interpretation: for dichotomized evaluation (like | |
| Previous DVT/PE | 1 |
| Heart rate > 100 beats per minute | 1 |
| Immobilisation for more than 3 d or surgery in the previous 4 wk | 1 |
| Haemoptysis | 1 |
| Active cancer | 1 |
| Clinical signs and symptoms of DVT | 1 |
| Alternative diagnosis is less likely than PE | -2 |
2术前VTE风险评估流程图
Algonthm of pre-operative VTE assessement
胸外科术后患者VTE预防的推荐意见
Recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in various groups
| VTE risk category | Low- or moderate- risk for major bleeding | High risk for major bleeding |
| Low risk (0-4) | Early ambulation or mechanical prophylaxis | |
| Moderate risk (5-8) | LMWH (7 d-10 d)+Mechanical prophylaxis | Mechanical prophylaxis |
| High risk (≥9) | LMWH (30 d)+ Mechanical prophylaxis | Mechanical prophylaxis (IPC), Initiate chemoprophylaxis as soon as the riske of major bleeding diminished |
预防性抗凝药物的使用方法及疗程
Dosage, route of administration and duration
| Anticoaguant | Recommended dose for patients at high risk of VTE | |
| *Unfractionated heparin is usually the first choice for preventive drugs in the following cases: ①in patients with severe renal insufficiency; ②in obese patients or underweight patients. #Low molecular weight heparin prophylaxis is 1 time/d, subcutaneous injection. | ||
| UFH | 5, 000 U/s, 10 h-12 h preoperatively, repeated once daily thereafter | |
| LMWH | Nadroparin | 2, 850 IU (0.3mL)/s, 12 h preoperatively, repeated 12 h postoperatively, 0.3 mL daily postoperatively for 7 d-10 d. |
| Dalteparin | 5, 000 IU/s, 12 h preoperatively, then once daily postoperatively for 7 d-10 d. | |
| Enoxaparin | 4, 000 IU (0.4 mL)/s, 12 h preoperatively, 4, 000 U, daily postoperatively for 7 d-10 d. | |
| Indirect Xa factor inhibitor | Fondaparinux | 2.5 mg/s, 6 h-8 h postoperatively, once daily extended to 7 d-10 d. |
大出血高危因素
Risk factors for bleeding complications
| Having any of the above risk factors is a high risk of major bleeding. |
| General risk factors |
| Active bleeding |
| Previous major bleeding |
| Known, untreated bleeding disorder |
| Severe renal or hepatic failure |
| Thrombocytopenia |
| Acute stroke |
| Uncontrolled systemic hypertension |
| Lumbar puncture, epidural, or spinal anesthesia within previous 4 h or next 12 h |
| Concomitant use of anticoagulants, antiplatelet therapy, or thrombolytic drugs |
| Procedure-specific risk factors |
| Abdominal surgery (Male sex, preoperative hemoglobin level < 13 g/dL, malignancy, and complex surgery defined as two or more procedures, difficult dissection, or more than one anastamosis) |
| Use of aspirin |
| Use of clopidogrel within 3 d before surgery |
| Thoracic surgery (Pneumonectomy or extended resection) |