Xingguo Yang1, Hui Li2, Lei Yu1, Tao Yu1, Fei Li1, Zhen Yu1, Baoxun Zhang1, Xin Du1. 1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China. 2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The previous study has indicated that the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after thoracic surgery is high. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence and risk factors of postoperative VTE in thymic malignancy patients. METHODS: This was a single-center study. Patients undergoing resection for thymic malignancy between December 2017 and February 2021 in Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University were enrolled in this study. In addition to the routine examination, all patients were screened for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by using noninvasive duplex lower extremity ultrasound before and after surgery. Patients did not receive any prophylactic anticoagulant therapy before and after surgery. All patients received modified caprini risk assessment. According to whether VTE occurred after operation, patients were divided into VTE group and control group. The clinical data of the two groups were compared. The occurrence time and possible high risk factors of VTE after operation were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 169 patients with thymic malignant tumor were enrolled, including 94 males and 75 females, aging from 22 to 76 years. A total of 95 patients underwent thoracoscopic surgery and 74 patients underwent median sternotomy. The total incidence of VTE was 12.4%. The median time for diagnosis of VTE was 4 days (2 days-15 days) after operation. According to the modified caprini score, the incidence of VTE in low risk patients (Caprini score≤4 points), moderate risk patients (Caprini score 5 to 8 points) and high risk patients (Caprini score≥9 points) were 0% (0/7), 7.0% (8/115) and 27.7% (13/47), respectively (Z=1.670, P=0.008). Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between VTE group and control group in age, operation method, operation time, indwelling central venous catheter, postoperative bed rest time more than 72 hours (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that over 60 years old, operation method and operation time were independent risk factors for VTE after resection for thymic malignancies. CONCLUSIONS: Over 60 years old, operation method and operation time are independent risk factors for VTE. Modified caprini assessment can effectively screen high-risk patients.
BACKGROUND: The previous study has indicated that the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after thoracic surgery is high. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence and risk factors of postoperative VTE in thymic malignancy patients. METHODS: This was a single-center study. Patients undergoing resection for thymic malignancy between December 2017 and February 2021 in Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University were enrolled in this study. In addition to the routine examination, all patients were screened for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by using noninvasive duplex lower extremity ultrasound before and after surgery. Patients did not receive any prophylactic anticoagulant therapy before and after surgery. All patients received modified caprini risk assessment. According to whether VTE occurred after operation, patients were divided into VTE group and control group. The clinical data of the two groups were compared. The occurrence time and possible high risk factors of VTE after operation were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 169 patients with thymic malignant tumor were enrolled, including 94 males and 75 females, aging from 22 to 76 years. A total of 95 patients underwent thoracoscopic surgery and 74 patients underwent median sternotomy. The total incidence of VTE was 12.4%. The median time for diagnosis of VTE was 4 days (2 days-15 days) after operation. According to the modified caprini score, the incidence of VTE in low risk patients (Caprini score≤4 points), moderate risk patients (Caprini score 5 to 8 points) and high risk patients (Caprini score≥9 points) were 0% (0/7), 7.0% (8/115) and 27.7% (13/47), respectively (Z=1.670, P=0.008). Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between VTE group and control group in age, operation method, operation time, indwelling central venous catheter, postoperative bed rest time more than 72 hours (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that over 60 years old, operation method and operation time were independent risk factors for VTE after resection for thymic malignancies. CONCLUSIONS: Over 60 years old, operation method and operation time are independent risk factors for VTE. Modified caprini assessment can effectively screen high-risk patients.
收集患者病例的详细信息,包括年龄、性别、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、合并症(高血压、糖尿病和冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病等)、是否合并自身免疫疾病(重症肌无力等)、手术过程相关信息(手术方法、切除范围、手术时长和失血量等)和肿瘤病理资料。
诊断依据及标准
胸腺恶性肿瘤的诊断以肿瘤病理学结果为依据,肿瘤的分期参照2014年国际肺癌协会(International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, IASLC)/胸腺肿瘤协作组(International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group, ITMIG)提出的第八版胸腺恶性肿瘤原发灶-淋巴结-转移(tumor-node-metastasis, TNM)分期;DVT经下肢彩色多普勒超声检查诊断,PE经CT肺动脉造影诊断。术后VTE事件定义为术前明确无VTE,术后经下肢多普勒超声诊断为新发DVT(包括肌间静脉血栓)或经CTPA诊断为PE。
Multivariate analysis of postoperative complications of thymic malignancies
Item
B
SEM
Wald
P
OR (95%CI)
Surgical procedure
1.615
0.808
3.990
0.046
5.027 (1.031-24.519)
Length of surgery
0.012
0.006
4.796
0.029
1.013 (1.001-1.024)
Caprini score
0.559
0.719
0.604
0.437
1.748 (0.427-7.152)
CVC
1.154
0.781
2.182
0.140
0.315 (0.068-1.458)
Confined to bed (> 72 h)
0.356
0.608
0.342
0.559
1.427 (0.433-4.700)
Age≥60 yr
1.644
0.695
5.591
0.018
5.177 (1.325-20.227)
胸腺恶性肿瘤术后多因素分析Multivariate analysis of postoperative complications of thymic malignancies
讨论
胸腺恶性肿瘤主要包括恶性胸腺瘤和胸腺癌,是发生于纵隔最常见的恶性肿瘤,治疗的主要方法是手术治疗[。目前,国内外已有众多针对外科术后及恶性肿瘤等VTE防治的共识和指南,如美国胸科医师协会(The American College of Chest Physicians, ACCP)、美国国立综合癌症网、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所等均颁布了VTE防治相关指南[。在一项单中心前瞻性队列研究中,Song等[发现胸外科手术后未行预防血栓治疗,其VTE总体发生率为13.9%,其中胸部恶性肿瘤患者术后VTE发生率是17.9%,几乎为良性疾病患者的2倍,肺癌和食管癌术后VTE发生率分别为15.9%和27.3%,高于总体发生率。胸外科恶性肿瘤术后VTE发生率较高,但针对胸部恶性肿瘤围术期VTE预防的比例在我国仍比较低,主要原因为多数中国胸外科医生对VTE的认识和关注不足[。研究证实胸腺恶性肿瘤是发生VTE的高危因素,在我们先前的研究中胸腺良性疾病术后VTE发生率为4.6%,恶性肿瘤发病率为14.5%[。为明确胸腺恶性肿瘤患者术后发生VTE的相关危险因素,我们开展了这项单中心研究。目前国内外对于胸外科恶性肿瘤术后VTE发生的研究主要集中于肺癌及食管癌手术,很少针对纵隔肿瘤围术期VTE进行研究[。然而,纵隔肿瘤在胸部肿瘤中占有很大的比重,胸腺恶性肿瘤手术在纵隔肿瘤中又占有很高的比重。与其他肿瘤不同,胸腺瘤常合并各种自身免疫疾病,如多发性肌炎、类风湿性关节炎、硬皮病、系统性红斑狼疮、重症肌无力等,其中重症肌无力发生率最高,占20.5%-40%。Ramagopalan等[的研究发现,住院患者合并自身免疫疾病,会增加由免疫介导的血栓风险,对于此类患者可以考虑血栓预防治疗。本研究中共有79例患者合并自身免疫疾病,但是VTE组和对照组相比未显示统计学差异。我们认为这可能与研究对象的选择有关,本研究入组患者合并的自身免疫病主要是重症肌无力,并不会造成全身急性炎症发作而介导的血栓形成。我们的初步研究发现,手术方式、手术时长在VTE组与对照组间有统计学差异。胸外科开胸手术多数是侧位经肋间进胸,比如肺叶切除或食管切除,而对于胸腺肿瘤手术,开胸手术常选择胸骨正中劈开术式。我们发现选择胸骨正中劈开术式术后VTE发生率为20.3%(15/74),远高于胸腔镜手术后VTE的发生率[6.3%(6/95)],与传统侧开胸术后VTE发生率接近[。开胸手术相比于胸腔镜手术创伤大,术后疼痛导致卧床时间更长、术后恢复慢导致住院时间延长或许是VTE发生率增高的原因。另外,手术长时间的制动,及出血量增多导致的凝血平衡的破坏、血流动力学的改变均会增加VTE的发生率[。对于胸腺恶性肿瘤患者,筛选出VTE高危风险者,做好积极的围手术期预防可以降低VTE的发生率。现有的VTE风险评估模型有多种,包括Caprini风险评估量表、Rogers评分量表、Padua评分量表和Khorana评分量表等[。美国胸科医师学会在非骨科外科患者VTE预防临床指南中推荐使用Caprini和Rogers评估量表[。2018年发布的《胸部恶性肿瘤围术期静脉血栓栓塞症预防中国专家共识》推荐使用改良Caprini风险评估模型对胸部恶性肿瘤手术患者进行VTE风险评估[。本研究入组的胸腺肿瘤切除患者均采用了改良Caprini风险评估模型进行评分,我们发现大部分胸腺恶性肿瘤患者为中高风险,达到95.9%。随着Caprini评分的升高,患者发生术后VTE事件的几率明显升高。对于胸腺恶性肿瘤的患者,尤其是Caprini评分高危风险者,应给予密切关注,提供适当的血栓形成预防措施,从而减少围手术期VTE的发生率。评估应该动态进行,在患者入院和术后都要进行单独评估。另外,如果病情发生重大变化或治疗方案发生改变等,还应进行再次评估。本研究的优势是入组患者术前术后均未接受抗凝治疗,因此,研究结果很好地反映了VTE真实发生率的自然情况。本研究的局限性:①资料是回顾性的,之前未考虑的其他混杂因素可能影响数据;②我们对入组患者住院期间VTE的发生进行调研,但是患者出院后无长期随访,因此并未探讨患者VTE在出院期间是否也有很高的发生率;③由于CTPA未在所有术后患者中检查,本项研究中可能存在部分无症状PE漏诊的状况。综上,VTE是胸腺恶性肿瘤患者术后比较常见并发症,年龄、手术方式、手术时长、留置中心静脉导管、术后卧床时间超过72 h是胸腺恶性肿瘤术后VTE的危险因素,年龄≥60岁、手术方式、手术时长是其独立危险因素。改良的Caprini风险评估模型可有效筛选高危患者。
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