Ilse G Pranger1, Monica L Joustra2, Eva Corpeleijn3, Frits A J Muskiet4, Ido P Kema4, Stefanie J W H Oude Elferink5, Cecile Singh-Povel5, Stephan J L Bakker1. 1. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. 2. Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. 3. Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. 4. Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. 5. FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
Abstract
Context: Dairy intake in humans is commonly assessed using questionnaires, but the data collected are often biased. As a result, there is increasing interest in biomarkers of dairy fat. To date, there has been no overview of the fatty acids suitable for use as biomarkers of dairy fat intake. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was performed to identify circulating fatty acids as biomarkers of total dairy and dairy fat intakes in the general population. Data Sources: MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Knowledge databases were searched for eligible studies published until June 2017. Study Selection: Articles were included when a correlation between circulating dairy fatty acids and intakes of total dairy and dairy fat was found, as measured by dietary assessment tools. Data Extraction: Two authors extracted data independently and assessed the risk of bias. An adapted form of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment. Results: Data were pooled using the random-effects model. Meta-analysis revealed that the fatty acids in plasma/serum were significantly correlated with intakes of total dairy (C14:0 [r = 0.15; 95%CI, 0.11 - 0.18], C15:0 [r = 0.20; 95%CI, 0.13 - 0.27], and C17:0 [r = 0.10; 95%CI, 0.03 - 0.16] and dairy fat (C14:0 [r = 0.16; 95%CI, 0.10 - 0.22], C15:0 [r = 0.33; 95%CI, 0.27 - 0.39], C17:0 [r = 0.19; 95%CI, 0.14 - 0.25], and trans-C16:1n-7 [r = 0.21; 95%CI, 0.14 - 0.29). Conclusions: C14:0, C15:0, C17:0, and trans-C16:1n-7 were identified as biomarkers of total dairy and dairy fat intakes in the general population. In light of the suboptimal measurement techniques used in some studies, correlations with trans-C18:1n-7 and conjugated linoleic acid require further investigation.
Context: Dairy intake in humans is commonly assessed using questionnaires, but the data collected are often biased. As a result, there is increasing interest in biomarkers of dairy fat. To date, there has been no overview of the fatty acids suitable for use as biomarkers of dairy fat intake. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was performed to identify circulating fatty acids as biomarkers of total dairy and dairy fat intakes in the general population. Data Sources: MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Knowledge databases were searched for eligible studies published until June 2017. Study Selection: Articles were included when a correlation between circulating dairy fatty acids and intakes of total dairy and dairy fat was found, as measured by dietary assessment tools. Data Extraction: Two authors extracted data independently and assessed the risk of bias. An adapted form of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment. Results: Data were pooled using the random-effects model. Meta-analysis revealed that the fatty acids in plasma/serum were significantly correlated with intakes of total dairy (C14:0 [r = 0.15; 95%CI, 0.11 - 0.18], C15:0 [r = 0.20; 95%CI, 0.13 - 0.27], and C17:0 [r = 0.10; 95%CI, 0.03 - 0.16] and dairy fat (C14:0 [r = 0.16; 95%CI, 0.10 - 0.22], C15:0 [r = 0.33; 95%CI, 0.27 - 0.39], C17:0 [r = 0.19; 95%CI, 0.14 - 0.25], and trans-C16:1n-7 [r = 0.21; 95%CI, 0.14 - 0.29). Conclusions: C14:0, C15:0, C17:0, and trans-C16:1n-7 were identified as biomarkers of total dairy and dairy fat intakes in the general population. In light of the suboptimal measurement techniques used in some studies, correlations with trans-C18:1n-7 and conjugated linoleic acid require further investigation.
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