Kristen Radcliff1, Harvey Smith2, Bobby Kalantar3, Robert Isaacs4, Barrett Woods1, Alexander R Vaccaro1, James Brannon5. 1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Rothman Institute, Egg Harbor, New Jersey. 2. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 3. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. 4. Department of Neurological Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. 5. Orthopedic Sciences, Inc, Seal Beach, California, Joint Preservation Institute of Kansas, Overland Park, Kansas.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Perforations of the pedicle wall during cannulation can occur with experienced surgeons. Direct endoscopic visualization has not been used to inspect pedicles previously due to bone bleeding obscuring the camera visualization. The hypothesis of this study was that endoscopic visualization of pedicle wall integrity was technically feasible and would enable identification of clinically significant pedicle breaches. METHODS: A live porcine model was used. Eight lumbar pedicles were cannulated. Clinically significant breaches were created. An endoscope was introduced and was used to inspect the pedicles. RESULTS: All lumbar pedicles were endoscopically visible at a systolic pressure of 100 mm Hg. Clinically relevant anatomic structures and iatrogenic pathology, such as medial, lateral, and anterior breaches, were identified. There were no untoward events resulting from endoscopic inspection of the pedicle endosteal canal. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic inspection of lumbar pedicles was safe and effective. The findings on endoscopic inspection corresponded with the ball-tip probe palpation techniques. Additional techniques, such as selection between 2 tracts, was possible with the endoscopic technique.
BACKGROUND: Perforations of the pedicle wall during cannulation can occur with experienced surgeons. Direct endoscopic visualization has not been used to inspect pedicles previously due to bone bleeding obscuring the camera visualization. The hypothesis of this study was that endoscopic visualization of pedicle wall integrity was technically feasible and would enable identification of clinically significant pedicle breaches. METHODS: A live porcine model was used. Eight lumbar pedicles were cannulated. Clinically significant breaches were created. An endoscope was introduced and was used to inspect the pedicles. RESULTS: All lumbar pedicles were endoscopically visible at a systolic pressure of 100 mm Hg. Clinically relevant anatomic structures and iatrogenic pathology, such as medial, lateral, and anterior breaches, were identified. There were no untoward events resulting from endoscopic inspection of the pedicle endosteal canal. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic inspection of lumbar pedicles was safe and effective. The findings on endoscopic inspection corresponded with the ball-tip probe palpation techniques. Additional techniques, such as selection between 2 tracts, was possible with the endoscopic technique.
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